Question: If a mother was originally born a Jew, but converted to Christianity, then had a son after she converted, is the son still Jewish by blood, even if he does not practice the religion?
By most authorities, there is an opinion that goes back centuries (at least to the time of the Spanish Inquisition), that someone who is a Jew but “leaves the fold” is still Jewish, according to halachah (Jewish law). Therefore, by the matrilineal line of descendancy, the son is also Jewish.
That said, should the son wish to re-enter his identification as a Jew, I think I would encourage some sort of “affirmation” – likely including the ritual of mikveh and an intentional brit milah (circumcision). While it may be true that the letter of the law does not mandate a conversion, he would still be obligated the mitzvah of circumcision (and the other mitzvot) by virtue of the fact that he is Jewish. An affirmation of this would be meaningful – not to mention clarifying, in his own spiritual journey.
Of course, a halachic definition of Jewishness does not fully give someone a Jewish identity. He is a Jew; but does he live Jewishly or identify Jewishly? For all people, regardless of birth, conversion, Jewish parentage or not, education and living with a connection to Judaism, practice and peoplehood, is extremely important.
In short, legal identity and religious identification are two different things. The son is Jewish, recognized as such by Jewish law and community and tradition. Now, what will he choose to do about it?...
Wishing you and yours wholeness on the path toward Jewish identity and meaning-making!
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Question: If someone has a good job in America and making Aliya means that he will earn significantly less money, what should be done in view of the obligation to live in the land (haaretz).
So too, what should be done if a spouse does not want to make Aliyah and objects?
One of the most important and significant (and to me, inspiring) aspects of Judaism is that it is not binary, “either-or” – even when it comes to the mitzvot. So often, Talmudic discourse reflects a weighing of values that are not compatible: We know that a certain mitzvah is obligatory, and yet there is another mitzvah (or even a valid extra-halachic consideration, in some cases) that might challenge the need to immediately fulfill the mitzvah.
I should emphasize that such considerations are far from a recent trend, and far from exclusive to liberal Judaism; many of the Rabbis of the Talmud recognized the obligation to live in Israel – and yet the Babylonian Talmud is considered the more authoritative of the two (over the Jerusalem/Galilee-based Talmud).
This does not undermine the sanctity of Israel, nor the ideal of living there; however, there may be countermanding considerations – the good that one might do (for the Jewish People world-wide, even) through philanthropy… the closer consideration of sh’lom bayit (preserving the wholeness and peace of a household)… one’s very-real obligations to family and community who cannot realistically move to Israel….
Let me offer two ways of thinking about being a “full” Jew, while living outside of Israel:
The first is to consider the model of the tribes of Gad, Reuven, and half of Menashe, who according to the Book of Bemidbar (Numbers) in the Torah, petitioned Moses to claim Land OUTSIDE of the borders of Israel proper. Moses agreed – provided that they travel into the Land to make sure their brethren could securely settle the Land. In this model, we who live outside of Israel must ask ourselves: What can we do, what MUST we do, to ensure the safety, security, and well-being of those who ARE fulfilling the mitzvah of dwelling in the Land? What respect must we give them and their struggles, what pause must we take before criticizing their near-impossible decisions of how to live morally surrounded by antagonistic (even terroristic) neighbors? Do we know best, sitting in our (generally) more comfortable, more secure Diasporic settings? How must we support those in Israel?
Secondly, with each mitzvah that I am not currently privileged to fulfill – whether by circumstance or personal failing on my part – I engage the mantra of “not yet”: That is, I do not say, firmly and for all time, I do NOT DO that mitzvah; rather, I remain open to the possibility, the potential, for that mitzvah to be operative in my life. Even if it is unlikely that it will ever happen, even if I myself have standing obstacles to its fulfillment that (I believe) will always supersede the feasibility of this mitzvah, I keep it “on the shelf” – as a possible, idealized “maybe.” I say, “I do not yet live in Israel. I may never fulfill this mitzvah – perhaps, for very good reasons. Yet it is not ‘off the table,’ because it is a mitzvah.
Of course, all of this assumes that we genuinely go through these mental and emotional struggles. Living in Israel IS an ideal; it IS a mitzvah. We should take that seriously – and just as we would take the considerations of business, family, and spouse seriously, we deserve to expect that consideration from our counterparts as well. In this sense, if in your heart it is a desire to live in Israel, then a spouse, or others, should be able to acknowledge and honor the challenge, perhaps even the sacrifice, you are making – as a statement of love and dedication (and obligation) to those outside of Israel. We can hold up BOTH values as sacred – the obligation to be in Israel, AND the considerations that keep us (as yet, or ever) from fulfilling that mitzvah. In this way, we can be imperfect, but striving, Jews, who balance multiple value systems and very real considerations in aspiring to a halachic life imbued with meaning.
I hope that this helps as you weigh your own values.
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Question: What does Judaism say about video games? What kind of video games are permitted? [Violence, Dystopian, Sexually oriented, War themed, mental challenges, problem solving, mazes, role-playing, logic,and others.]
Years ago, I wrote a paper on how many sports are really a re-enactment of a battlefield, but with rules and structures and boundaries in place – to ensure safety, fun, and human dignity. (One need only to look at the early history of lacrosse, for example, to understand this idea.) The risks are what make the challenge of the competition interesting – but the world that we set up, with its boundaries and rules, is what makes it a redemptive and not destructive act.
I would say the same for other fantasy-based games – including video games. The worlds that we create in such experiences can spark creativity and intrigue; they can teach us lessons, in a safe and bounded manner, about our “real world.” However, we must recognize several cautions:
Scientists have recognized an addictive element to these games. In addition, unlike sports, they promote sedentary behavior, and excessive “screen time” is documented as bad for one’s health. Even more educational games should be used in moderation;
When used as tools for education (problem solving, role-playing, logic, etc.) – such tools could be encouraged (again, in moderation);
Most importantly, many games nowadays do not promote values that I’d view in keeping with Jewish values. Games that devalue the sanctity of human life – through violent, misogynistic, or sexualized themes, for example – would be highly discouraged from a Jewish perspective. We must see ourselves as created b’tzelem Elohim – in God’s image – and these video-game images desacralize that.
Worse, just as we have seen in sports, where certain players do NOT respect the boundaries of the game, and unbounded violence spills into “real life” – we have seen that the violent fantasies embedded in video games can be a factor in de-sensitizing people (especially young people) to real-world violence. The games do not cause other violence – but they play a role in numbing people to the real-world violence, nonetheless. When this happens, such games should give us pause.
Except in cases that devalue human life, sexuality, and the image of God, I would stop short of “forbidding” video games – but I would emphasize the above cautions before endorsing them, as well.
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Question: What is the Jewish view on large age gaps in relationships? I am a widow, and it has been five years since my husband passed away. I am in my late 30s and have no children. I have recently started dating a man who is 25 years my senior. Most of my family thinks I am completely crazy for being interested in someone so much older than me. How does Judaism look at such relationships?
Judaism has a lot to say about love. In the earliest sections of the Torah, God reflects about Adam, “lo tov heyot ha-Adam l’vado – it is not good for people to be alone” (Genesis 2:18) While our modern sensibilities may question this assumption (because being single may be right for some), the conclusion of that sentence in the Torah gives us an early model for what a “good couple” may be for one another: God decides to make Adam an “ezer k’negdo” – someone who is, in the most mutual way, supportive, compatible, and loving. Ask yourself: Is your partner these things? Is he an ezer k’negdo?
Love in Judaism, “ahavah” has many different translations; indeed, there are many words to describe the relationship that in English we call “love.” The word “ahavah” originates from treaty language – a sense of fidelity, tangible support, and actions of loyalty. Other words imply companionship, deep friendship, romantic love, and the like. Does your partner provide you with these different aspects of love?
And finally, part of being that ezer k’negdo is an ability to journey through life together. Giving them the benefit of the doubt, perhaps your family is worried about this part. Will you share goals and desires together? Is your path parallel and mutually-supportive? Nothing in life is assured, but his more advanced age may ask you to think about life, leisure, children, family, and loss in a different way. Are you ready to have those conversations, to see if you can be each other’s ezer k’negdo?
Judaism has many examples of couples and companions with widely divergent ages, at different stages in life. There is nothing inherently “wrong” with such a relationship. But there may be other questions to ask to make sure that you are ready and able to be each other’s ezer k’negdo in a way that is supportive and fulfilling of each of your life’s hopes and dreams, and comforting if those dreams are not fully realized. I have provided some of the clarifying questions and Jewish basis for working through what, despite and with family, are highly personal questions.
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Question: I converted to Jewish over 20 years ago, married a Jewish man and raised my daughter Jewish. I do not practice the Jewish religion anymore because after my divorce I felt no connection. My daughter's one and only grandfather wants her to stay connected to the Jewish religion. Please let me know how I can help her stay connected. Is it necessary for me to practice the religion even though I have no connection:? Please help
Jewish tradition teaches the following: “Yisrael, af-al-pi she-chata, Yisrael hu – A person who is Jewish – even if s/he has gone astray from practicing the religion, s/he is still Jewish.” So this means that (provided that you finished a complete, halachic conversion twenty years ago), you are still Jewish.
Of course, this means that I would encourage both you and your daughter to connect to Judaism in as many ways as either of you find meaningful. It is easier to “do” Judaism in community – and so the best way to do this is within the context of family and/or a Jewish community.
Judaism is passed through the mother – so if you are her mother, and you converted before she was born, your daughter is Jewish. The next step for her to stay connected is to find and practice the rituals and actions of a Jewish life – and this will be most achievable if she does it with others. It is not mandatory for you to practice – but you, and a Jewish community (synagogue, JCC, etc.) would help her connect Jewishly.
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Question: I have a question regarding a charitable endeavor my shul is involved in. For many years, we have hosted homeless guests (from a nearby shelter) for a week in our building. About three years ago, we started taking them in during the week of Christmas. Our homeless guests are non-Jews. Someone from our shul contacts the local media (newspapers, TV) so that they would come out to film what we, a Jewish congregation, are doing for these non-Jewish homeless folks on Christmas. I find it very disturbing when the camera crew not only comes into the building, but also wants to go into the social hall/dining room, where our homeless guests usually congregate, to film in this area. I was there last week when the news crew came and, at that particular time, our guests were having breakfast in the dining room. One of our volunteers came to brief the guests about this, stating that, in filming guests at the table, only their hands and feet would be shown. Immediately after she left, all of our guests got up and left the room. I felt awful about this and I too left, in disgust.
Every evening, we take the guests from the shelter, where they stay with us for dinner and sleep in our building overnight. In the morning, we then take them back to the shelter. But because this was Christmas day, the guests were to stay with us the entire day. This was their only day to have a leisurely breakfast, a time when they did not have to hurry to get ready to be taken back to the shelter. I felt that we spoiled their chance to have a (rare) peaceful morning by bringing in this TV crew. In a way, I also feel that we are "using" the homeless to gain attention, honor, and (perhaps) donations from the public for our shul. My own feelings are that we brought embarrassment upon our guests, and I believe it is wrong to shame or exploit the poor, especially for our own aggrandizement. It is my opinion that we should go back to hosting the homeless on a week other than that involving the Christmas holiday. This would solve the problem about causing offense or embarassment to some of our guests, as well as put an end to media coverage of how we, a Jewish organization, shelter the homeless at Christmas. I was wondering what your take on this situation might be.
I recognize that there is a great deal of emotion surrounding this issue, and while I trust your account of the incident, I am reticent to give a “ruling,” per se, on what decision should be made. That said, I wish to put forth a few considerations that might inform a more thoughtful discussion on the best course for your synagogue:
Certainly, Rambam (Maimonides) lists and prioritizes the methods and means of doing acts of tzedakah so that not only are services provided to those in need, but that it is done in a way that most strongly promotes human dignity. To your point, Rambam (citing the Talmud) accords great merit toward those situations where the privacy of the receiver of tzedakah can be maintained, as well as the anonymity of the giver. Publicity of the act would certainly be a step away from this higher level of tzedakah – though the lower levels are also meritorious, in their context.
That said, we do often recognize a phenomenon where mitzvah goreret mitzvah – a “snowball effect” of acts of goodness accruing to more acts of goodness. This phenomenon is most possible, of course, when the acts of goodness are known among the public. Especially in the context of the Christmas season, there are often human-interest or public-interest stories that, in part, contribute to a general sense of communal spirit, cooperation, and goodness at this time of year. If this can serve to inspire greater acts of goodness throughout the community, then this may be a worthwhile publicity of the mitzvah – to inspire MORE mitzvot.
The idea of moving the week of service to a different (less public) week may serve both the desire for anonymity, per Rambam and the ability to do good in its own right – though there may be countervailing considerations here, as well: For example, in some communities that share initiatives over houses of faith, the week of Christmas is specifically critical for synagogues to fill, as some churches that participate in the shelter may have facility considerations during a “peak” time of programming for them. (Would your synagogue be logistically as capable of hosting the shelter during Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur?) Absent a knowledge of these logistical realities, it is hard to say whether moving the week is the most prudent solution.
Finally, a critical voice seems to be missing from the debate: Did anyone ask how your guests felt about the situation? Was there a consultation with the administration of the shelter – as to their potential policies or confidentiality expectations, or alternately, perhaps, the potential benefit that publicity might bring to their worthy cause? While I do not know what input the guests or their supporting organization had, I would most certainly be guided (at least in part) by their feelings on the matter. This, itself, lends dignity and a sense of self-determination and self-agency to the effort.
Again, I recognize the difficulties and emotions behind this matter – and I assume that there were good intentions on all sides of the debate. I hope that the considerations I offer help to facilitate a more strategic dialogue to realize the good efforts of all.
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Question: Is is proper to send an e-mail invitation to an unveiling?
[Admin. Note: Similar or related questions are found at:
http://www.jewishvaluesonline.org/question.php?id=608 and
http://www.jewishvaluesonline.org/question.php?id=666.]
First, ha-Makom yenachem etchem – may God provide you comfort, as you mark the loss of a loved one. The question you raise is not one that has a specific Jewish/legal answer, but does touch on a number of issues:
First, while there is no obligation to have a formal unveiling (or dedication of a monument), this relatively-recent ritual (in the scheme of Jewish history) is an opportunity to further both the mitzvah of k’vod ha-met (honoring the deceased), and the mitzvah of nichum aveilim (comforting mourners). The latter can be particularly significant, if circumstances did not permit someone to attend a funeral in the immediate wake of the death. Also, an unveiling is different from a funeral, in the sense that presumably time has passed since the loss. This brief service, then, provides an opportunity to reflect on how the lives of those who mourn the loss have continued on, fueled and inspired by the legacy and life lessons of those whom we have lost.
Since the unveiling ceremony has no “obligatory” status, the invitees are similarly, not obligated, halachically. (This is different from, say, a brit milah.) The method of invitation, however, is the core of your question: Is it proper to use e-mail? This is more of a subjective judgment call. Many people feel that email is impersonal – that a phone call or a note is more appropriate for potentially emotional topics surrounding the loss and memorializing of a loved one. However, increasingly, electronic communication has become normalized, so email is interpreted less impersonally.
My advice, purely subjective, would be to judge by the recipient. If s/he would benefit from a more personal, sensitive outreach, then avoid email. This would enhance the mitzvah of nichum aveilim, providing comfort to that individual. If this is purely a logistical question, with little or no emotion attached to the scheduling of the ceremony, then email may be the most effective (and in that way, most reassuring and quick) method.
I wish you all the best as you seek to provide honor for those whom you’ve lost, and comfort for all those in attendance.
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Question: My BF, a chaplain for hospice (a Presbyterian minister) and I have just done our DNA. There are Jewish genetic lines, on both sides for me, but the remarkable thing was my BF was reported as Ashkenazi on his father's side. I am a Reform Jew so to me that makes him Jewish if he has Jewish genes. Funny thing is that my son's father (Catholic Spanish) also came up Ashkenazi. They are under the J line same as my own father. So, is he a Jew?
The advent of genetic technology has produced fascinating questions that force us to examine what “Jewishness” really means. That said, my understanding of the scientific research thus far indicates that while certain genetic sequences (and sadly, increased susceptibility to certain diseases) is suggestive of some Jewish ancestry, it is not determinative.
Even though much of Jewish history is marked by endogamy (marriage within the faith), this has not been uniformly followed throughout different times in history. Also, we can trace incidents (including the Spanish Persecutions of the late 15th century) that forced one’s Jewish identity to be hidden, forsworn (at least publicly), or denied. There are fascinating stories of families, identifying as Catholic and of Spanish origin, who until recent generations had a custom of lighting candles in a basement with no windows on a Friday night. While these stories and genetic indicators speak to a history that is just waiting to be revealed, the consensus among most Jewish authorities is that unless Jewish ancestry is unmistakable, that a conversion process would be appropriate to affirm Jewish identity.
Judaism holds that “Yisrael, af al pi she-chat’a, Yisrael hu” – that regardless of whether a person of confirmed Jewish identity leaves the faith (whether willingly or under duress), that person retains his or her Jewish identity, and can always re-affirm this identity, with no need for formal conversion. That said, traditional Judaism (including the Conservative Movement in which I am a rabbi) defines a person as Jewish either by having been born to a Jewish mother, or having completed a conversion process, including a beit din (rabbinic tribunal’s affirmation) and immersion in a mikveh (ritual bath), as well as (for a male), circumcision (or hatafat dam brit, the drawing of a small drop of blood from the genital area for an already-circumcised male).
Your son’s father and your boyfriend may be able to trace some genetic indicators – but unless they have confirmation that they come from a crypto-Jew family (Jewish matrilineal ancestors forced to hide their Judaism because of persecution, such as in the Spanish Inquisition), then they would likely need to convert to be considered Jewish. For your boyfriend, (whose noble profession implies that while it is a point of intrigue, he is not interested in converting!) – is certainly not Jewish by traditional standards, as even the Jewish genetic indicators (which are not determinative anyway) are on the patrilineal (father’s) side.
By these standards, if you are of Jewish matrilineal descent, then your son, born to you, is Jewish; it is that simple. I hope that this sheds some light on what seems like a fascinating ancestry! And of course, should any of you wish to further explore your Jewish identities, finding a rabbi or educator that matches your Jewish interests and approach would only deepen these intergenerational ties. All the best!
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Question: If a first child (daughter) of a father is born out of wedlock (my father married my mother after I was born, put his name on the birth certificate, but divorced her 6 months later) what laws and rules should I obey and how am I viewed in Jewish law? [Administrator's note: for answers on JVO regarding illegitimacy and the term mamzer vs bastardy, see http://www.jewishvaluesonline.org/question.php?id=27 and http://www.jewishvaluesonline.org/question.php?id=93.]
Because, however ironically, your legal status as a Jew (as you describe it) is so unmistakable, I worry that I may be misinterpreting your question:
Assuming that your mother is Jewish (and was Jewish at the time of your birth), then you are Jewish, with no caveats or exemptions. Assuming that your mother was not married to anyone else at the time you were born, then there is no issue of the category mamzerut (often crudely – and misleadingly - translated as “illegitimacy” or “bastardy”), either. Mamzerut is ONLY an issue when the mother is married to someone else besides the father of the baby born.
If these assumptions are correct, then you should view yourself as a full member of the Jewish community, eligible to participate in any and all ways. You should obey and be included in all laws and observances, without any misgiving.
I hope that this clarifies your questions about your Jewish status – and that you go on to live life as a Jew to the fullest!
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Question: I am a 14 year old girl and a Conservative Jew. I am also gay. No one in my family knows. They are not homophobic. I wish I wasn't gay. Is it rational to pray to G-d to make me not gay anymore, or is there something I can do?
Your sensitive question clearly reflects a searching heart and mind – with commitments to your Judaism and your own developing personal identity. As Conservative Jews, we believe that science and humankind’s advances DO inform the truths and inspirations of our millennia-old Jewish tradition. Basically, just as you are growing into your own identity as a Jew and a young woman, Judaism itself “grows up” with modernity.
I share this with you because, while I am not a trained professional in counseling young adults about sexual identity, my inexpert understanding is that the prevailing scientific trends indicate that one’s sexual identity is less a “choice” – and more a part of “who we are.” Thus, though it is not as clear-cut, we would not realistically pray for God to not make us have blue eyes or red hair; we’re just genetically wired that way.
Of course, using this metaphor, we can “cover up” our genetic wiring (colored contact lenses, dying hair, and other means) – but it does not change our basic, underlying, core identity. And in the case of something so intimately personal as sexual identity, there are some studies that indicate that such covering can have other damaging effects – in terms of our relationships with family, friends, or anyone (of either gender) with whom you may be in a dating or marital relationship.
A little under a decade ago, the Conservative Movement’s Committee on Jewish Law and Standards did some serious soul-searching for attempts, within a traditional Jewish approach, to be more inclusive of people who are gay or lesbian. (If you want to study more, go to rabbinicalassembly.org – and look for the CJLS Teshuvot (legal decisions).) I draw your attention specifically to the work that states that human dignity – in Hebrew, k’vod ha-briyot – is an all-important principle.
You deserve such dignity. Given that your family is not homophobic, you may seek their support as you continue your own path – or you may seek a rabbinic or therapist counselor to help you along your way.
Of course, even with society becoming increasingly open to gay relationships, hatred and bigotry still exists. I sympathize with your desire, especially as an adolescent (where “fitting in” is so important), for this challenge in your life to simply “go away.” And I understand the desire to look to God to “not make you gay anymore.” But assuming the prevailing research findings are right, that being gay is not a choice, in Jewish law terms, such a prayer may be what is called a tefillat shav – an prayer that is ineffective because it is offered after-the-fact (like seeing someone hurt, and THEN praying that the person not be someone you know – it’s already happened, so your prayer is not effective).
Given this, the important thing to remember is that, YES – God did have a hand in your creation, and that creation is in God’s image. This is the ultimate human dignity. The trick (as Rabbi Akiva teaches in Pirke Avot 3:18) is to KNOW – and be confident and reassured – that indeed, you are the image of God. What I mean by this is, no matter your sexual identity, no matter your fears over this – you must know and remember that you are a beloved creature of God, with nothing in your identity to be ashamed of.
So what can you do?
1. Seek Support and Community: I am most concerned about your loneliness in your identity right now. If you can, have the conversation with your family, or at least a trusted family member. If you can, seek out a trusted rabbi or therapist about your fears of revealing your developing identity. (I say “developing” – because at your age, all teens are developing their identities – personal, ideological, and sexual. This is, for everyone your age, an exciting and terrifying time. In that manner at least, you are not different.)
2. Re-Affirm Yourself: You are created in the image of God – and no matter who you are, it is important that you know this about yourself.
3. Use your “Jewish Toolbox”: While I worry that a prayer for God to “change you” is not one likely to be answered, go with your heart. You may choose this prayer as the prayer of your heart – or you may find a prayer for a more peaceful and tolerant world more empowering. Most simply, you might pray for shalom – peace – both in the world and in your soul, at this difficult, formative time in your life.
I wish you this shalom – and I pray that you will look back on this time as one in which your Judaism helped to provide much-needed support and love.
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Question: I want to know something about Jewish prayer. Do Jews praying have a ritual like 'wudu' (as Muslims do), the washing of their hands, in preparation to pray?
Is it thrice right hand, thrice left hand? Before praying and/or after praying?
Have you an online reference, with a picture, that you could direct me to view?
Arash from Iran
Thank you for your question. Jews do have a series of hand-washing rituals, not for the sake of hygiene, but for ritual purity’s sake. Most specifically, these rituals occur before eating and prayer. There is a special blessing before this act that specifies the washing as a mitzvah, or commandment, and the commong practice is to wash twice on each hand.
In addition, there are other “washings” that are practices followed by some Jews: Washing after sleep (reminiscent of the teaching that sleep produces an impure spiritual state, the remnant of which remains on the fingernails), and after meals (a slight bit of water, without saying a blessing).
In all cases, the Temple-based concerns over ritual purity and sacrifice are no longer operative – but we still observe the practice of hand-washing. This is done as a reminder that we are a “kingdom of priests” (Exodus 19:5), and should therefore seek such pure intentions and spirit.
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Question: My husband and I are Ashkenazic (not Sephardic) Jews and we are planning to name our daughter Isabelle or Ellie for short, after my husband’s deceased grandfather, Ilya. My living mother's name is Bella and she believes that these two names, Isabelle and Bella, are equivalent. In her opinion, by naming our daughter Isabelle we will be naming her after my mother and thus will bring misfortune to my mother. We both feel strongly about using this name and stressed many times that we are not naming my daughter after my mother. However, we would like to hear from Ashkenazic rabbis regarding this matter.
While the customs of naming are minhag (customs) and not halachah (law), they are deeply-rooted – and as you acknowledge by your very question, emotionally fraught. For this reason, there is no legal prohibition against choosing such a name – particularly since even the naming customs are usually applied to the Hebrew names even more than the English. The Jewish values of naming date back to the teaching k’shmo kein hu – that a person’s attributes should reflect the name that has been given to him or her. This is why we honor a person with the name of someone whom we respect and wish to honor – either in life (for the Sepharadi custom) or in memory, after death (for the Ashkenazi custom). That said, there may be countervailing Jewish values of honoring one’s parents (kibbud av v’em), and also maintaining peace within a household (sh’lom bayit). Because there is no prohibition, nor any obligation, in the naming customs (and because you do not even intend this as naming after your mother), I am reticent to give a definitive “yes or no” – but rather, I counsel you to find some peaceful compromise or mutual understanding of the intent of the chosen name. And don’t lose track of the most important thing: B’sha’ah tovah – at the right and healthy time, you should celebrate the welcoming of a daughter and granddaughter into the world! And when that time comes, all should join together in wishing mazal tov!
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Question: What is the Jewish view on factory farms? I am asking from the perspective of Tza'ar Ba'alei Chaim (Chayim) as well as our role as Jews to be moral examples to the world (or le'goyim). Are factory farms "kosher"? If the meat that comes from them only signifies they were slaughtered in a kosher way, how could a rabbi indirectly be approving of the very cruel factory farms? Shouldn't the value of avoiding unnecessary cruelty be one that is maintained across the spectrum of observance? [Administrators note: Similar questions have been answered on JVO in past. See www.jewishvaluesonline.org/question.php?id=47. A search on the site for 'Kosher' or 'Kashrut' will find other questions and responses.]
The issue you raise – a concern for issues of treating animals humanely in the food-making and delivery process – is precisely the reason that the Conservative Movement, in recent years, has pursued an additional certification for food products. The Magen Tzedek (“Justice Seal”) seeks to address such issues as treatment of workers in the plants and factories, proper legal and ethical adherence, and (in addition, for the meat and dairy industries) adhering to the highest standards of humane treatment of animals – in their raising, feeding, and ultimately even in their slaughter.
It is also important to understand that Magen Tzedek is an additional seal of approval, and does not replace the traditional definitions of kashrut, concerning the laws of shechitah (ritual slaughter). I agree with your premise that, especially in a time when the food industry is organized so that consumers may not have direct knowledge and oversight of every step of the process from farm to table, we as Jews do have an obligation to make ourselves aware of these processes, and to seek out the most humane and just purveyors. That said, I do not agree with those who would claim that eating free-range or organic products should supersede the ancient laws of kashrut. Organic food is not, inherently and automatically, kosher – just as food that is kosher for consumption according to the ancient laws of kashrut is not, inherently and automatically, just or ethical in its origins, labor practices, animal treatment, and the like.
You might ask, “Why were these laws not made explicit as part of the laws of food consumption?” Most probably, this is because in ancient times, there was no such concept as a factory farm or a food “industry.” I am hesitant to say that all farming endeavors nowadays that one might label “factory farms” are absolutely unjust; I suspect that practices vary widely across the industry. That said, in ancient times, most food was easily traced from its origins to its consumption, with few intermediaries from farm to table. The ancient laws of kashrut are designed to make us mindful of the food we consume, and the processes of obtaining and preparing this food. Now that the food industry is much more complex, Magen Tzedek is another, additional form of hashgachah (literally, overseeing and supervision) to help us fulfill a separate set of mitzvot, in addition to the laws of kashrut - namely, the laws of business ethics, the concerns of tzaar baalei chayim, and other issues.
With regard to your question of whether these values should be upheld across the spectrum of Jewish observance and affiliation, I cannot see a reason why any Jew would balk at efforts to help consumers choose mindfully, in keeping with all of these above principles. As a Conservative rabbi, I am perplexed by the reticence or even antagonism of other movements’ leadership with respect to this effort, as it does not undermine or replace the standards of kashrut. Any communal efforts to help Jews fulfill more mitzvot AND model conscientious consumption of food products both inspires Jews to greater observance, and (I hope) influences the food industry to monitor itself more responsibly.
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Question: I'm a bit overwhelmed in trying to sort out the various Jewish beliefs about the afterlife (I'm 61 and terrified). The overarching idea seems to be: Don't worry about it so much; Judaism emphasizes doing good works on Earth and that should be our focus. Well, maybe so. But having studied it all, I trust, have you reached any firm conclusions? I cannot bear the thought that this is all there is and all that implies. The Christians have such simple answers and feel-good stories---Judaism is hard. What can you tell me about this?
Thank you for your question. I know that it can be comforting to have seemingly self-assured answers – but when it comes to something as inherently unknowable and mysterious as an afterlife, I worry that it is improper to have a single, definitive answer. Traditional Judaism does believe in an afterlife, a World to Come, and other such notions – and I do believe that the significance of our lives does outlast our physical presence in this world. Minimally, we leave behind a legacy, with others who remember us, God-willing. But there is no one answer. Rabbinic wisdom throughout the centuries has multiple imaginations, interpretive stories, and other teachings about what happens after we die. In fact, the sheer number of different teachings implies to me that in the big picture, we do not know. However, at different times in a mourning process, or in a moment of self-doubt and questioning, or when seeking meaning in this life, different teachings may provide the most guidance or comfort.
I wish I had a firm answer for you – but I believe that the most honest approach is to acknowledge the inherent unknowability of the correctness of any one answer. Further, as you reference and as Pirke Avot (the Ethics of our Ancestors) teaches, to view this world as the antechamber (foyer) of the world to come. This implies that there is something after this life, which may serve as a warning or a reward – but which, more importantly, serves as a source of DIRECTIONALITY for the way in which we should live this life. That is, even if we don’t know what there is to come, we should live this life as if there is a next life. If there is such an afterlife as classically imagined, then we will have earned its reward; if not, we will have still lived a life worth living, and will have helped to build a more perfect world. That is a win-win.
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Question: What can be done in the Jewish community to help get the word out and steer young couples with sexual conditions to proper treatment?
Thank you for your question; once its meaning was clarified to me, I value your asking it – because even opening the inquiry shows the kind of courage that can help correct the very challenge you are seeking to solve.
It is true that Judaism has something to say about every aspect of our lives; the term “Torah,” to me, means a breadth and depth of wisdom that goes beyond virtually any finite bounds, and that is always open to new discovery and innovation. The stories in the Talmud of the students who ask their rabbis personal questions unrelated to a specific text, or even the story of the student who hides under his rabbi’s marital bed to discover the mysteries of sex, end with a common refrain: “Torah hi, v’lilmod ani tzarich – this too is Torah, and I must learn it, Rabbi!”
And so, if treated with the proper sensitivity and gravity, conditions affecting one’s intimate life and relations should not be taboo from counseling and listening ear of a rabbi. That said, in many cases, a rabbi would not be the most properly-trained professional to help treat medical conditions that may be underlying the symptoms of pain or discomfort that arise during sex. In these cases, the rabbi or other Jewish communal professional has two important roles:
The rabbi should be an open presence, a listening ear, in a way that alleviates any sense of shame or taboo. Often, young people may feel isolated in their pain or problems, because they feel as if no one else shares these conditions; they can feel alone and unsupported – and therefore afraid. The Jewish community should never let someone feel this way.
The rabbi or other Jewish professional should also recognize his or her limitations, in the scope of professional training, and be able to offer recommendations or references of trained professionals (physicians, therapists, or the like) who might offer the help needed.
In this manner, we can build a community that is supportive of one another in all aspects of our lives – avoiding stigmatization, and providing the comfort and help for our needs, both public and private.
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Question: Is a Jew permitted to enter a church, mosque, cathedral, temple, or the site of any other faith?
Thank you for your question. While there are some Jewish legal positions that forbid the entry into another place of worship, I believe that these arise from an outlook and a historical context that is very different from today’s society, at least in most areas of the Western World. The prohibitions are, largely, based upon a premise of a highly divided community, whose faith-based subgroups did not interact socially, communally, or otherwise. In a previous time of great persecutions, such mistrust and segregation into homogenous groups seemed natural.
Nowadays, we live in a society that is much more porous. For the most part, faith communities come together for interfaith and ecumenical discussions and sharing. From the Conservative Jewish perspective, we look at the historical context and the real-life situation of a legal question as data that informs our decisions about the proper way to ask. This sometimes means that the premises and realities that informed an earlier stance may no longer be operative. Indeed, this ability to assess the situation is not only a modern phenomenon; in one instance from which we might learn, it dates back almost two thousand years, to Rabban Gamliel: The mishnah (Avodah Zarah 3:4, dating some 1900 years ago) recounts a tale in which Rabban Gamliel, a great rabbi, was once observed in the bathhouse of Aphrodite. When asked about this, he replied, “Nobody says the bath was made as an adornment for Aphrodite, but rather, Aphrodite was made as an adornment for the bath” – that is to say, his purpose in entering the building was not to pray to a pagan god!
Rabban Gamliel offers the following general principle, which I believe serves us well in consideration of your question: “Et she-noheg bo mishum eloah – asur. V’et she-eino noheg bo mishum eloah – mutar – If one acts in a manner intended as [worship of] the god [of the place], it is forbidden; but if one does not act in a manner intended for [worship of that] god, it is permitted.” While most modern Jewish interpretations would not consider Christianity or Islam as paganism per se, the message is still true: If one enters such a house of worship but not with the intent to pray to the particular version of that religion’s deity, this would be permitted by the Conservative Jewish outlook. In particular, I would embrace entering another’s house of worship for reasons of coming together as a community in common purpose (a Thanksgiving Interfaith Service, for example); for reasons of historical, scholarly, or aesthetic/cultural interest; or to share in fellowship and celebration of the good that comes from a more porous boundary between communities of faith – an act which often strengthens our conviction and identity in our own Jewish faith.
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Question: When Jews and non-Jews abide by the same ethical and moral behaviors, what makes the Jews' compliance uniquely Jewish?
Thank you for your question.Certainly, because I believe that Judaism (and other faiths) carry a message that is redemptive as a guide for building a more perfect world, I would hope that there would be significant overlap in the ethical and moral behaviors and expectations of many of the world religions!(To use the most obvious and extreme example, I would hope that the infinite value that Judaism places on human life, that causes us to prioritize “Thou shalt not murder,” would translate into virtually every religious worldview.I would personally be suspicious of any religion that did not, in some way, with its own language and norms, affirm that standard.)
So then, what makes the adherence to such ethical/moral norms specifically Jewish?Certainly there are certain worldviews that are uniquely “Jewish” – either in their origin (“we gave the world the concept of such-and-such”) or even as a modern-day priority.But for those that clearly overlap with other non-Jewish ethics and morals, we must also consider the motivations and framework through which we arrive at those behaviors.Many of the world’s religions believe in some form of tikkun olam – further “fixing” or incrementally-perfecting the world – but for us, this is only half of the phrase:Jews believe in l’takein olam b’malchut Shaddai – perfecting the word because it is an extension of God’s will for us, because it is a realization of the vision that we share with God – a vision for the Jewish People and for all humankind, and because it is a fulfillment of what it means to be created in the Divine Image and to allow that Image to spill out of us and into the world at-large.If and when I act morally and ethically, I am not only doing that because it is generally considered as “right,” by those who are Jewish and those who are not Jewish.I am doing it also because it is an expression of the way my faith projects a vision for a more perfect world, and because I embrace my responsibility as a builder of that worldview.I am doing it because I am commanded, Jewishly (however one may understand such obligation – as communal, divine, individual, or otherwise), to participate and act in this way.
The action may be identical to another who is motivated by more universal understandings of ethics and morals, or another who is motivated by his or her own non-Jewish faith; but the meaning behind that action and the vision that activates and enables it are particular to my Judaism.These actions help to define ourJewish selves.
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Question: I am a Catholic. I love the "whoever saves a life saves the world" passage. My daughter is a health care professional and saves many lives. Is it disrespectful for me to use [a quote of] that passage on a gift to her?
Thank you for your inquiry about the use of Jewish texts.It actually opens a broader issue about shared wisdom:The text you reference is from the Mishnah, Tractate Sanhedrin (4:5).Certainly, in its original historical context (almost two millennia ago), the text was taught with a different intent.It comes amidst a conversation about how careful witnesses must be when testifying in a court case (especially a capital case) – because that testimony could mean the difference between the ruin or success, or even the life or death, of a defendant.In this context – a specifically Jewish court, with authority over only ancient Israel, in an historical era when cultures and judiciaries were much more cloistered – the actual quote is slightly different:“One who saves a single soul in Israel – it is as if s/he has saved the world entire.”(The opposite is also given:“One who destroys a single soul in Israel – it is as if s/he has destroyed the world entire.”
Of course, nowadays, the broader meaning about saving any human life is more frequently applied.This is appropriate – in an era when capital punishment is no longer under the jurisdiction of the Jewish Sanhedrin court, in an era of more global understandings of humanity, ethnicity, and in an era when cultures, nations, and religions are much more porous and interactive than in ancient times.For this reason, as a rabbi, I am PROUD that an excerpt from the long tradition of Jewish wisdom has entered a more mainstream usage.I recognize its historical origins – but the paraphrase that you intend to use is certainly honest to its original intent – that is, that Judaism regards human life as sacred, fragile, and limitless in its value.
Sadly, Jewish history has numerous accounts in which someone uses a Jewish text with the effect and intent of doing damage to the teaching’s underlying intent, or else to cause Jews to be ashamed or alienated from their own tradition, or to project a negative image of Jewish tradition to the world at-large.It is clear to me that this is not the case for your noble, thoughtful intentions.Given that you intend to uphold and project a positive application of this ancient teaching, I think it is lovely for you to use it.Indeed, part of the legacy of Judaism to be “a light unto the nations” (not the exclusive light, but a significant source of wisdom and insight) is that Jewish tradition has wisdom to share in every age and every context.Thank you for your interest in shedding this light in (perhaps) a new context!
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Question: I know many friends—honest, God-fearing people—who have no problem “stealing” entertainment in the form of illegal downloads. Why have we let our attitude toward this kind of theft become so permissive? Can we stop it? Should we? Or, as many people claim, since they wouldn’t have paid for the show/music in the first place, it’s not like anyone lost money on their download. What is right? What is the Jewish view?
In classic halachic terms, we usually associate possession or ownership with the ability to physically GRASP something; this is the tenor of the mishnah from Talmudic Tractate Bava Metzia: “Shnayim ochazin b’tallit – zeh omer kulah sheli, v’zeh omer kulah sheli – Two people clinging to a tallit – each says the entire thing is his [exclusive possession]….” The underlying assumption is that the ability to hold something is the prime indicator of exclusive ownership – and therefore, stealing that thing would involve physically removing the object of value from its owner’s grasp.
Of course, in today’s Information Age, the ownership of things of value is often a DIGITAL, as opposed to a PHYSICAL, holding. It is too easy for us to overlook the fact that such possessions are as real as the “tallit” in the teaching above – and that they have value. We should treat such information (files, programs, songs/media, etc.) as true possessions – even if the legal meaning and the spirit of these holdings has a new connotation. In this case, then, piracy and other forms of stealing are exactly that – theft – and should have safeguards and ramifications.
A Conservative Jewish approach would certainly embrace the new, modern application of such terms as geneivah (theft) to things not physically held – given the value that these things have. Additionally, certain traditional terms might be applicable in spirit, if not in ancient sources: There is the concept of geneivat da’at – which usually is used in contexts of false pretenses, or misleading someone with your apparent intentions. Indeed, the claim that “I would not have paid for it, so there is no loss” is related to the classic definitions of geneivat da’at – whose examples include taking a merchant’s time and hope of a sale, with no intent of ever spending any money in the store – a practice frowned upon under this concept of geneivat da’at. However, the literal meaning of geneivat da’at is “stealing of one’s thought / intellect / perception / opinion.” [Sidebar: When I originally typed geneivat da’at without the apostrophe, my word-processing auto-correct changed it to “geneivat DATA –DATA stealing!”]
Further, one term for gossip in Hebrew is rechilut – from the Torah: “Lo teileich rachil b’amecha – Do not go about as a tale-bearer amongst your people” (Leviticus 19:16) – but a modern critical read of the Torah text links this word, rachil, to the Hebrew root-word for “peddler” or “merchant.” This hints of someone who “peddles” the commodity of information. Seemingly, Judaism does recognize the power and value that inheres in words, data, songs, games, media, and other Information-Age files.
It is true that increasing amounts of online information and media can be downloaded for free, as “share-ware” – but this only means we should be extra-cautious in what we steal. The fact that it is a digital possession does not decrease its value; it only allows us the “cover” (or the cowardice?) to not have to look our victim in the face, personally.
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Question: According to political experts, the social protest movements in the U.S. lack clear demands and strong leadership. Should Jewish leaders stay on the sidelines or help lead?
Throughout history, religious leaders have shown moral courage in the face of social injustice. Perhaps the most iconic image of this is the picture of Conservative Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, a professor at the Jewish Theological Seminary, marching arm in arm with (among others) Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. in the Selma Civil Rights March (1965). Rabbi Heschel reflected on this experience, “When I marched in Selma, my feet were praying.”
We should also note that religion plays a role in social justice initiatives, despite the criticism of the anti-religious, who claim that religion is the source of most war and bloodshed. As Conservative Rabbi David Wolpe aptly points out in his book Why Faith Matters, “While faith has been filled with fighting, fighting, however, is not ultimately cause by faith.… [R]eligion did not bring fighting into the world… Religion entered a world in which human beings fought, over and over again.… The great tyrannies of the twentieth century were tyrannies of atheistic regimes: Mao’s China, Stalin’s Russia, and Hitler’s Germany.”
Jewish leaders have a “key in” to a timeless wisdom that has informed and calibrated our moral compass for generations. We have a responsibility to offer this input to efforts for social justice – be they community organization, protest, or otherwise. That said, I am wary in this day and age of the countless examples (in all faiths) of religious leaders who have abused the “power of the pulpit” – speaking in absolutist, fundamentalist terms. Such language is not reflective of mainstream Judaism, and runs the risk of devolving into extremism (on either end of the spectrum). Judaism and the mission of Israel leads us to a particular vision of and hope for a better world – one that is inclusive, not exclusive, one that is peaceful and protective and secure of the rights of Jews and others to live and thrive in an increasingly interconnected world.
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