All Questions Answered by Rabbi John Sherwood, Deceased (z"l)
Question: I live in Israel, where most people eat “kitniot” on Pesach (Passover) and it can be hard to find non-kitniot products. Can I “break” my family’s tradition of not eating kitniot because it’s so much harder to keep in Israel?
Reform practice, following the standard of the Talmud, permits the eating of rice and legumes during Pesach. We do not take this stand because we disparage custom and tradition. On the contrary: our "rediscovery" of the centrality of ritual observance to Jewish life, described at the outset of this teshuvah, demonstrates that we take the claims of tradition with the utmost seriousness. This Committee, in particular, in its approach to the answering of the she'elot submitted to it, has tended to uphold the standards of traditional practice except in those cases where good and sufficient cause exists to depart from them. And our movement has recognized for nearly two centuries that the prohibition of rice and legumes is just such a case. This observance, which presents a significant burden upon Jews during Pesach, has no halakhic justification: the Talmud clearly rejects the suggestion that rice and legumes are chametz, and the likelihood that our people will confuse legume dishes with chametz dishes is too remote to be taken into seriousconsideration.
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Question: Are there Jewish sub-cultures (denominations, communities, burial societies, cemeteries) that permit the presence of photographs or etchings of the departed individual on the headstone. I was in a Jewish cemetery in Queens, NY, and I believe I saw some headstones with images. Is this halachically (by Jewish law) permissible? Preferred? Common? Is it determined by local custom?
There is no halachah on headstones. I, too, have seen some with pictures of the deceased. All of them were in small orthodox sponsored cemeteries. I have not seen any in “mainstream” Jewish cemeteries. I guess that the answer is that it is determined by local custom. Sorry I cannot be more definitive.
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Question: Small groups of violent ultra-Orthodox in Israel seem to have strayed from Torah values, which is a chilul Hashem. Are there collaborative or independent initiatives from the three main denominations to meet with and inform the ultra-Orthodox leadership how their violent actions (rock throwing, spitting on others, verbal abuse) negatively portray the Jewish people to the world?
Any such rational initiatives will be a total waste of tie, energy, and whatever expense that led up to it. These Haredim have no interest in the opinions of others. They are totally irrational and will proceed in their cultic behavior because the rest of the world is irrelevant to them. They belong in jail for assault, but no Israeli government is strong enough to put them there.
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Question: How important should the Israel factor be when deciding who to vote for during a presidential election? Do American-Jewish voters have an obligation to vote for the most pro-Israel president, even if he conflicts with them on other values?
In reality, all candidates are pro-Israel, with the exception of Ron Paul. Therefore, this is not an issue. Some self described candidates are merely pandering.
At AIPAC President Peres said, “Mr. President, I know your commitment to Israel is deep and profound. Under your leadership security cooperation between the USA and Israel has reached its highest level. We have a friend in the White House.”
Last week on ABC’s The View President Peres stated that, “never was security or the needs for security better met than today under President Obama.”
This week on Charlie Rose, President Peres affirmed that, “I think he’s a great president and I think he’s a great friend of Israel and I say it without any hesitations.”
All of that is good enough for me.
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Question: Should we look for or expect to see “Jewish values” in US presidential candidates?
To me, as a reform rabbi, there are certain litmus tests for candidates. If a candidate does not support the right of a woman to make her own reproductive choices, I cannot vote for him or her. Nor can I vote for anyone who does not express support for domestic partnership rights for the gay community, or for gun control. My vote can on;y go to a candidate who proposes increasing taxes on the wealthy.
All of these are Jewish values, making for a more peaceful and just society.
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Question: Where does Hoshana Rabba come from? What are its traditions? Why do we celebrate it?
The September 11 attacks were not a unique Jewish experience. The appropriate response would be the same as any other American would commemorate the horrendous event, just as we do the attacks on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
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Question: When a bad situation arises—for example, drought in Israel—we come together as a nation to pray or fast, hoping that will have some effect on the situation. There’s an assumption that it is our lack of good deeds (or our evil deeds) that is causing this to happen. Yet, conversely, when something good happens to the Jewish people, the rabbis never come out and say, “Wow, we must have done something great! Let’s institute a day of celebration!” Why the contradiction?
You are making some rather unacceptable assumptions. To begin with, it is only an extremist few that assumes that lack of good deeds is a cause of natural catastrophes. This is tantamount to blaming Jews for the Holocaust. We do not believe in blaming the victims.
Secondly, we have created celebratory events such as Yom Ha-Atzmaut.
Thirdly, you seem to assume that God is a cosmic bellhop who carries your bags through life if you tip him by praying, and who drops the bags on your feet if you do not tip him enough. That position has been rejected by philosophers for centuries. The limited God concept was introduced by Maimonides in the third section of the Moreh Nevuchim (The Guide for the Perplexed). This was written in the twelfth century.
A study of Jewish philosophy and theology might be very helpful to you in this regard.
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Question: What can we learn about Israel's vs. America's social protests? The majority of the Israeli public wholeheartedly supported the summer's social protest movement with peaceful large mass rallies nationwide, while in America, there was a lack of positive, peaceful support for the Occupy Wall Street protests.
Israel was founded as a Jewish state. Those values permeate its very existence. By this, we mean not only the value of Jewish survival, but the values of social justice. While Israel is far from perfect, as illustrated by the reason for the protest rallies, it is influenced by our multi-millennial pursuit of justice that goes as far back as “Tzedek tzedek tirdof (Justice, justice, shall you pursue) found in the Torah.
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Question: Many of the movements, and even individual congregations, are writing their own prayerbooks/siddurim. Is this valid and inline with Klal Yisrael (All Israel) and other Jewish values?
This response has a bias, in that I was the major author of our congregation's Machzor.
It is only reasonable that each movement would have its own Siddur and Machzor. The theology of Orthodoxy is antithetical to that of Reform, and there are radical differences held by Conservatism, Reconstructionism and others.
Our congregation decided that the movement’s Machzor did not meet our needs. As part of the introduction, we wrote, “This prayer book is a response to the need of the Reform Jew to create his or her own intellectually valid and emotionally/spiritually satisfying High Holy Day experience. Through the vehicle of creative paraphrase of translations, using equivocal language, the congregant has the opportunity of hearing the Hebrew, whether chanted, spoken or sung, and responding to the feeling tones of the past, while providing his or her own interpretive meaning to the English text. . . . Whether the congregant has lived a lifetime in a synagogue, or has just entered for the first time, the content and style are intended to give him or her the feeling of being simultaneously an integral part of a world wide people as well as an individual in search of self.”
Klal Yisrael is not dependent on uniformity, but rather the acceptance of all Jews as members of an historic peoplehood, regardless of individual philosophies.
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Question: There were many miracles that God performed during the Jews’ sojourn in the desert – the man, the “ananim,” water spurting out from rocks, etc. Why on Sukkot do we focus on the most mundane and man-made aspect of God’s protection—the huts the Jews dwelt in?
The huts in which we dwelled were part of our historical experience. They are also a reminder of our tie to the very simple things to which you allude. Life is not all mountain-tops. We need to be aware of the valleys as well. In addition, the booths and the simple vegetative decorations remind us of our agricultural origins, and our ties to the environment. The festival is also a reminder of the fragility of life.
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Question: I, as a Pakistani Jew, would like to draw your kind attention towards those Pakistanis who intend to convert to Judaism, leaving the religion of their forefathers. Unfortunately, there are no synagogue(s) and no rabbi(s) here. What can be done? Can you advise or help those in this situation?
Unfortunately, the Pakistani government being what it is, there is no geographically convenient assistance available to you. the best that I can do is to offer you my annotated introduction bibliography. After you have completed reading that, let me know, and I will see what is available to you in India.
1. Wanderings, by Chaim Potok. This probably the best one volume history of the development of Judaism. The author is not only a rabbinic scholar, but has also published several novels, three of which have been on the New York Time best seller list. Thus, it has both academic validity and readability. It does have one defect. In the earlier sections we find large lists of kings and other leaders. From the perspective of one who is concerned with religious thought and not historical minutia, these lists might prove intimidating. Therefore, ignore them, and enjoy the rest of the book. Unfortunately, this book is out of print, and therefore only available through libraries or by finding used copies on the Internet.
2. and 3. The Jewish Festivals, and The Lifetime of a Jew, by Hayyim Schauss. (Note that we cannot even agree on how to spell Chaim or Hayyim or however the individual chooses to transliterate his or her own name.) These two books are old, and suffer from using the Ashkenazi (eastern European) pronunciation instead of the Sephardi, which has become the world standard. For example, Schauss refers to the Sabbath as Shabbos, rather than Shabbat However, rather than providing mere cookbooks of ceremonies, the author provides insights as to their historical development, and relates different practices in many Jewish communities around the world.
4. Basic Judaism, by Milton Steinberg. Although this book has "basic" in its title, it uses considerable verbiage that is explained in the earlier books on this list. That is why you need to read them first. This book is a wonderful introduction to Jewish religious philosophy, explaining both traditionalist and modernist positions, without choosing either side.
5. Understanding the Hebrew Bible by Elliot Rabin. This excellent work is a companion volume to the Bible itself. It is clear and concise. As you go through chapter by chapter, you will gain insights to how the documents within the Bible came to be written, and understandings the many philosophies that it espouses.
6. As a Driven Leaf, by Milton Steinberg. This brilliant, history based novel tells the story of an apostate rabbi who lived during the first pre-Christian century. Not only is the book beautifully touching, but it will help you to develop an excellent understanding of the mentality of the rabbis who created the Talmud.
7. Celebration: The Book of Jewish Festivals, edited by Naomi Black. This "coffee table book" is so beautiful that I bought as a gift to myself. The holy day explanations are very basic, but that doesn't take away from the quality of this work at all. The photography is magnificent, and the recipes and ideas for observance are delightful. This is the aesthetic dessert to the above intellectual main meal.
8. The How to Handbook for Jewish Living, by Kerry M. Olitzky and Ronald H. Isaacs. This is a practical gem. It gives basic instructions for the beginner in Judaism. It extends from basic blessings to the details of holiday observance to prayers for special occasions.
9. We Jews and Jesus: Exploring Theological Differences for Mutual Understanding by Rabbi Samuel Sandmel, New Preface by Rabbi David Sandmel
Read book 1, then 2 and 3 or 3 and 2. Do not go to 4, 5, and 6 until you have read the first three. As you read, please feel more than welcome to write me with any questions or responses that you may have. The last three books are for reference.
All these books should be available through www.barnesandnoble.com and www.amazon.com.
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Question: How does the concept of “tzedakah” apply to government, especially in Israel, since it is a Jewish state? Does the government also have a religious obligation to provide for the needy members of society? Or is this just an issue for individuals?
Not only does Israel have a religious obligation to practice Tzedakah, but it actively pursues that responsibility in more ways that can be listed in ths brief forum.
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Question: We hear from many politicians (most often those running for high office) that 'Everyone agrees' on issues concerning when life begins, homosexuality, marriage, etc., all based on using 'our religion' as the premise for the assertions. Should Jews enter the discussion in religious terms based on Judaism and Jewish values and Jewish law, especially where they disagree with these assertions?
There is no doubt in my mind that we should enter the intellectual fray. In fact, I beleive that we are ethically obligated so to do. This is why Reform has established the Religious Action Center in Washington, D. C. (For more information on this see http://rac.org/.) Why should those who disagree with us have a monopoly on political discussion?
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Question: God warns us explicitly not to follow in the ways of the other nations. How does this apply to our custom to give gifts on Chanukah, which seems to have been taken from the very not Jewish tradition of giving gifts on Christmas?
Your opening statement “God warns us explicitly not to follow in the ways of the other nations”, begs the question of a communicating deity. Howerver that is another discussion for another time.
However, your inquiry”How does this apply to our custom to give gifts on Chanukah, which seems to have been taken from the very not Jewish tradition of giving gifts on Christmas?”, is a more than legitimate question. This injunction is repeated frequently, both implicitly many times.
We know that Judaism has a time for gift giving, namely Purim. As we are both aware, this is largely ignored.
My response may appear to be an intellectual stretch, but it is the best that I, a passionate Jew who is simultaneously a product of an American upbringing, can offer. The practice of gift giving in December is not an in imitation of Christian practice, but rather a competition with it. Our children (or in my case grandchildren) expect us to be generous at the season. We do not want them to feel left out because they are Jewish. We give gifts that have Jewish authenticity, and if cash, in amounts that are multiples of Hai.
Please know that I too struggle with the problem.
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Question: Is there a special Jewish prayer that we can say at Thanksgiving dinner in commemoration that we were granted religious freedom in America?
To me, the most appropriate prayer woud be Shehechianu.
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Question: Can a female child be named for a deceased grandfather if his Hebrew name is Meir Eliazor ben Meir hakohen? What would a feminine form of this name be?
Contrary to popular opinion, Judaism has no rules on naming a child. Yes, there are superstitious practices such as the Ashkenazi prohibition from naming after the living. However, the practice in the Sephardi community is exactly the opposite, and makes far more sense.
The female form of Meir Eliezar is Meirah Azrielah or Ezrielah.
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Question: We pray daily for the rebuilding of the Temple. But when it is rebuilt, will Korbanot be reinstituted as well? It seems like a custom that is not really in tune with our modern ideas and sensitivities.
The Reform and Reconstructionist movements have rejected such prayers, and the Conservative movement is ambivalent about them. I see any prayers fror the rebuilding of the Temple as metaphors, not to be taken literally.
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Question: "A man is not his crime" is a famous saying about looking beyond the criminal act to the person, to their inherent dignity, as a way to help them find hope, remorse and renewal. Is that from Talmud? A young cousin just went to prison and we are struggling to comprehend how this happened and how to rebuild.
To begin with, I have never heard this saying. Jewish religious thought is based on what one does, not what one says that he or he believes. You provide little detail as to the crime for which the cousin was sent to prison. You also do not ask a clear question as to what you are seeking. Until you give us more information as to what happened, your question is very difficult to answer. We would also need to know more about your cousin.
The purpose of prison ought to be rehabilitation. Let’s hope that while imprisoned your cousin will seek appropriate counseling. It seems to me that your family members ought to pursue counseling as well.
What is it that you are seeking to rebuild, your cousin, or the family?
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Question: Our Orthodox Jewish neighbor always knocks on our door during their sabbath to turn on lights, turn off things. This happens every weekend and it is driving us nuts. We live in a Condo and they live below us. What is the Jewish view on this use of someone as a 'Shabbos Goy'? Is this ethical and in line with Jewish values?
You do not make it clear as to whether or not you are Jewish. If you are, the behavior of your neighbors is an absolute violation of Halachah (rabbinic law). If you are not, it is still a violation unless arrangements were made in advance of Shabbat to for you (or someone else) to do specific tasks. In either case, learn how to say a firm but polite NO.
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Question: Tell me where I can find information or examples about Jewish values in the movies.
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Question: If a child (teenager or older) chooses to observe mitzvot differently than their parents, does a parent have a right to try to persuade them otherwise? Where is the line? What if the child wants to observe tzniut (modesty) or a level of kashrut (dietary laws) with more stringency?
Judaism teaches us that it is incumbent on parents to teach their children. There is a wisdom that comes with age and life experience. The issue is not the level of stringency, but the intelligent level of observance that is learned with experience. The question needs to be raised, what is your rationale for the level of observance that you have chosen, whether machmir or mekil? Children need to learn to think independently, and not merely to follow rules for their own sake.
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Question: What do you do when work ethics conflicts with social responsibility?
The problem with abstract questions such as this is that they do not provide any context, nor do they provide definition. How do you define work ethics, and how do you define social responsibility? What is the set of circumstances that lead to the question? Each situation needs to be examined sui generis, as a thing in and of itself. Then the issues can be explored with rationality. Until then, all we have is a conundrum.
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Question: Is Israel justified in 'strong arming' foreign journalists from participation in the 2011 Flotilla to cover the story from sea by its statement that participation in it, as a reporter, was liable to lead to being denied entry into the State of Israel for ten years?
This question reminds me of so many parallel questions about reactions to the policies of the Israeli government. Like so many other Jews, I love Israel, despite my disagreement with many of its policies. This particular call is both wrong and unwise. It is counter to Israel’s best self interest. The only way for freedom to exist is with a free and unrestricted press.
Our colleagues in Israel have issued a collective statement on the recently passed "boycott bill" in Israel. Their statement is below and is available for your use.
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MARAM - The Israeli Council of Reform rabbis
You shall surely rebuke your fellow-you shall not bear his sin
(Leviticus 19.17)
The commandment to protest an injustice, to oppose oppression and to protect others against evildoers is one of the foundations of Judaism. The Jewish tradition teaches that leaders, educators and rabbis who witness an injustice and do not protest - their idiotic silence is seen as approval (Talmud Gittin 57.a)
The right to make a clear and sharp public statement and the civic act that attempts to transform a distorted reality - these are basic to democracy. The right to express an opinion, to persuade, to organize - these are the most important human rights. Without them neither society nor state can survive. Those who support the settlements and those who oppose them, those disturbed by the boycott of Israel and those disturbed by our losing our moral compass, right or left - all must have freedom in our society.
The "Boycott Law" recently enacted by the Israeli Knesset attacks the humanity of all. The majority is acting like a bully by attempting to prevent those with opposing opinions, those committed to a different moral stand, from expressing and fighting for them. This is an unprecedented dangerous step onto a slippery slope that continuously erodes the Jewish character and democratic nature of Israel. This law should not have been passed, we are forbidden to accept it. It is a mitzvah to protest it and fight it until it is rescinded.
We Reform rabbis of Israel (MARAM) are obligated, before God and people, to fight for justice and integrity, to the honor all people and to love of our fellow human being. We are committed to the love of Israel and to preserving the Jewish character of the State of Israel.
We call upon all who yearn for truth and justice, fairness and equality, whatever their Zionist political view, to join us in the struggle against the "Boycott Law". Demonstrate solidarity with all who might be harmed by it in the future. We call on rabbis of all streams and to clergy from our sister faiths in Israeli society to join forces in educational- religious activities to strengthen Israeli democracy and in the struggle against those who are attempting to destroy it.
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Question: I heard a friend saying that we are at "the end of days" because the world has gotten so crazy, the weather seems to be changing, rules of morality and nature seem to have gone haywire. Do we as Jews believe in an end of days? Do we know when it is?
[Ed. Note: see somewhat similar question at: http://www.jewishvaluesonline.org/question.php?id=357]
This is being written the day after the supposed “rapture”. No, we as Jews do not believe in the end of days. Yes, orthodox Judaism still believes in the coming of a personal Messiah, but that means the restoration of the throne of David in Jerusalem, not the end of days. Most non-orthodox Jews believe in a Messianic era, one in which peace and good will and ethics will prevail. For more detail on a similar question, see http://www.jewishvaluesonline.org/question.php?id=357&cprg=%2Fsearch.php%3Fsearchtxt%3Dend%2Btimes%26what%3DA].
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Question: Is copying music muttar (permitted)? i've heard someone quote Rav Eliyashev and other rabbonim saying yes, and that you can ignore disclaimers on cds (not to copy). The second part of the question is: I like a band which permits crowd [attendees] recording their concerts [at the concert] and giving the recording out for FREE to others (very rare). But the band has a site which sells recordings of those exact same shows, recorded in better quality. Based on Halacha can I ignore their rules (on the site) prohibiting downloading their online recordings of these shows because they permit me to have a copy of that same show downloaded from a friend who gives it to me, just in a slightly worse quality recording?
Intellectual property is property, and theft is theft. It is as simple as that. When you copy the work of another for your own personal use, you are stealing from him. Whether your theft is first hand or second hand, it is theft. In other words, you are receiving stolen property.
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Question: I am reading my kids the biography of Benjamin Franklin and am completely in awe of his accomplishments and morality; He would write down his flaws at the end of every day. Can you give me names of any Jewish role models in the last 400 years with similar credentials to share with my kids as well?
There are many who occur to me. The first is Rabbi Maurice Eisendratrh, a”h, who had the courage to lead the Jewish world during the civil rights era. I still picture him carrying a Sefer Torah while he was marching with the Rev. Martin Luther King in Alabama. Another is Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, a”h, who was both a scholar, a giant of social justice, and an impassioned leader of the Zionist cause. Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan,a”h, founder of the Reconstructionist movement was both a scholar of the tradition, and a challenging modernist. Rabbi Jacob Weinstein, a”h, was a great leader of the fight for organized labor, yet had a wonderful combination of humility and a great sense of humor.
These are but a few. Read their biographies for more detail about them.
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Question: What is the explanation for some observant Jewish women wearing wigs that are more attractive than their own hair?
For centuries, orthodox Judaism has made great use of the concept of the legal fiction. A classic example is closing ones eyes after lighting the Shabbat candles and opening them after having said the blessing.
Cutting ones hair short is supposed to be an act of modesty. It is only done in the ultra-orthodox community. From my perspective, the wig expresses the individual's using the legal fiction premise in order to have it both ways.
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Question: What is the Jewish view on ‘stewardship’? We are told that we were given dominion over the land and all within it – it seems that some have taken that to mean ownership and the right to destroy or waste. Is that the Jewish view?
Rather than my re-inventing the wheel. permit you to refer you to the following excellent introductory article and all of its links. There you will find a plethora of information on Judaism, stewardship, and the environment.
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Question: Does Judaism have any thoughts on press issues such as the Wikileaks fiasco? In Jewish thought, when does freedom of the press and the public's right to know become a security threat?
This issue has come up again recently with the arrest and trial of Julian Assange, and other leaks of other government documents from various sources. What does Judaism say about this?
Let us remember that Wikileaks is modern phenomenon that would not have been possible until the era of the computer. The concept of the public’s right to know did not arise until the passage of the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution. While spies certainly appear in the TaNaKH, the issue of information leaking out and becoming a security threat certainly does not.
That having been said, Scripture certainly does raise the issue of wrongful death. We have no information of that happening as a result of Wikileaks.
To sum up, evaluating Wikileaks can not possibly take place for years, or possibly decades. We Jews, a people that has existed for millennia are by both our experience and our essence to take the long view of history.
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Question: The rules on what constitutes Passover chametz vary according to Ashkenazic and Sephardic traditions. Since we are all Jews, what really prevents those of Ashkenazi descent from eating foods such as rice or legumes during Passover? [What is the basis for following the tradition, custom, or minhag that one was brought up in, and when, if ever, may one properly change it?]
As a reform rabbi, I am committed to the concept of informed choice. Therefore, I am free to make my own decisions. There is no gainsaying the fact that Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews have historically developed many different practices. However, the reality is that this is in large because they were raised in different cultural environments. Today, we predominantly live in the polyglot western world. Therefore, unless one has a passionate commitment to remaining in one culture or the other, one has total flexibility in choosing from one minhag or the other. As far as I am concerned, this applies to dietary rules, naming rules, etc.
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Question: Is it better, if one is going to gamble or do other shady ethical activity (and yes, I know it is better not to do it at all, but whatever), to remove signs of Jewishness like a Magen David or a kippa before? Or is that worse?
Gambling is legal in many states and in countries all over Europe. If you think gambling is shady, do not do it. Wearing or not wearing a Magen David is irrelevant. I am reminded of the time my son was chasised for wearing his Kippah while having a cup of coffee in MacDonald’s. The self righteous chastiser said, “Someone seeing you there might think that MacDonald’s is kosher”. This is ludicrous.
The premise of maarit ayin applies to acts that might be thought of as violations of halachah. An example might be a known orthodox person eating roast beef and Imo (a vegetable imitation of sour cream) in public.
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Question: With Oscar season upon us, I find myself once again so disappointed in how much more my kids know about Hollywood than about their own culture and texts. My daughter has spent literally hours talking about what she thinks and has heard and read that the stars will wear. Any ideas of how to make Judaism glamorous / engaging for teens?
Teens respond to peers. My answer, and it is a firm one, is tosend more kids to summer resident Jewish camps for several years in a row.
The resident camp programs run by the Union for Reform Judaism have a decades long success story of keeping Jewish teens involved in Jewish life. Is it a perfect solution? No. However, it is the best available step we can take. Jewish campers eventually have a lower rate of intermarriage and a higher rate of synagogue membership.
Living full time for weeks each summer with a couple hundred of Jewish kids, living full time Judaism, works!
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Question: When there is a conflict between "siding" with one's spouse vs. one's parent - is there a Jewish view on marriage vows vs. obligation to respect parents? How does one balance these two obligations when they seem to conflict?
To begin with, the term “marriage vows” has no basis in Jewish ritual. This is a term that comes directly from the standard Christian wedding ceremony. That having been said, we should note that while there is a contract between husband and wife, and there is a statement to “Honor your father and your mother”, the two relationships are totally different in nature. Honoring ones parents does not necessarily mean agreeing with them on all issues. Being consecrated to one another similarly does not mean agreeing on all issues. Therefore, each issue of contention needs to be considered on its own merits.
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Question: To what extent can/should donors to an institution - when donations constitute a majority of the budget - expect to have a say in that institution's policies?
When we donate to an institution, we are making an implicit statement that we support its overall goals. That does not mean that we have a say in it day to day operations. Donation does not imply the right to micromanagement. If we want a detailed say in its operation, we need to seek an active role in its administration. Of course, if we find that we are in opposition to its overall policies, we certainly have the right to withhold future donations.
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Question: Today's business world is built on advertising and PR...From mainstream media, and down to google, with its tantalizing 25 character ads that have an entire industry built around them. Ads tell half truths...What do Jewish values say about being in advertising, PR, marketing, etc? If it's not totally false, but just "spin"...how bad is it?
In the Tractate Sanhedrin we read the following: “This is the penalty for the liar. Even when he tells the truth, no one believes him.” In Baba Metzia, we read “No man should talk one way with his lips and think another way in his heart.” Advertising can and should be honest and not rely on spin.
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Question: A friend of mine has been asked to do a bible reading at a wedding of a friend of his. My friend is Jewish, the wedding is Christian. They have not decided if the reading willl be from the Christian bible, i.e. one of the passages on love. Are there any issues with a Jewish person doing this? However, if it is from the Hebrew bible then that would not be a problem, correct?
My hunch is that the passage to which you allude is from II Corinthians. It is used at many weddings and has no specific Christological references. I would treat it as any other work of poetry. Remember, actors read many lines that do not reflect their personal philosophy.
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Question: A more religious neighbor does not allow her housekeeper of 5 years to turn on her stove when cooking for her; she says it breaks some law of non-Jews cooking for Jews. Can you possibly explain this very offensive rule? Is my neighbor correct?
Let’s clarify terms. Just because one thinks that he or she is more halachically (legalistically) observant does not make one more religious. More often than not, it merely makes one ritually compulsive.
Many such people base their practice on folk observance which has no basis in rabbinic law. This is a perfect example of that principle. Unfortunately, in our Jewish community, ignorance reigns supreme.
However, all the arguing in the world will not convince your neighbor of this reality.
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Question: Is there a difference between 'just words' and images in terms of suggestive Internet content in terms of being unfaithful?
If you are in touch with another person and the conversation is erotic, it does not matter whether the content is words or pictures, the intent is the same. There is nothing more to say on this.
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Question: Is flirting on the Internet considered cheating? What are the parameters of infidelity in Jewish thought? Is it physical sex only, or more broad?
In biblical times, adultery was defined as having sex with the wife of another man. It was sort of a property crime. In our time, adultery might be considered as any behavior that adulterates, or takes away from the quality of a marriage. It might be physical sex, flirting on line, or being preoccupied with pornography, either on line or elsewhere. Furthermore, adultery is not necessarily sexual. It might be obsession with the wood shop in the garage, a garden club, or any other behavior that done to the extreme takes one partner away from the marriage relationship.
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Question: There are a seemingly significant number of Christians who are claiming to be Jewish. Some of these are the deceptive and lying groups that are founded and funded by various Churches, like ‘Jews for Jesus’, whose purpose is to convert unwary Jews to Christianity, but others claim to be ‘Messianic Jews’ who do not seek to convert anyone, and who want to practice Jewish rituals while still being Christians. What is the Jewish view on these people’s actions and status?
Christianity is not Judaism in any form whatsoever. So called “Messianic Jews” are either intellectually deluded or just as dishonest as Jews for Jesus. For a full description of why this is true, go to http://whatjewsbelieve.org .
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Question: Is it appropriate to criticize Israel when other nations and states commit the same actions, and much worse, without any comment from the world community? At what point does self examination become almost masochistic?
There are two forms of criticism, within the community, and to the outside world.
I am reminded in this discussion of the statement in the United States Senate made by Carl Schurz in 1874, “My country, right or wrong; if right, to be kept right; and if wrong, to be set right.” When arguments are made within the community, this is the appropriate approach to critiquing.
However, when in the outside world, there are more than enough negatives spoken about Israel. Let us rather point to what contributions that Israel has made to humanity. Let us remind the world of what the sciences and agriculture owe to Israel. More contributions are found at http://centerforsanity.blogspot.com/2006/08/israels-contributions.html .
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Question: Veteran's Day is an opportunity to honor our veterans. What does Judaism say about defending one's country and fighting for freedom?
What a perfect time for this question. Hanukkah tells the story of the Maccabees. The real miracle had nothing to do with oil. That was a story created in the Talmud, generations later. The miracle was the victory of the Hasmoneans over a vastly superior force.
The TaNaKH is filled with many stories of our fighting to maintain our identity and our freedom to be a people. For example, see Deuteronomy 20, Judges 1 Sam 10 and 21, Judges 7, These are ony a few of the many. For a very full discussion, with scores of additional citations, see the article on war in The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible (Abingdon Press).
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Question: Some religions prohibit drinking alcohol and consuming caffeine. Is there any similar prohibition in Judaism?
There are hundreds of references to wine in the Bible, and many in the Talmud. Almost ninety per cent of them allude to the proper use of wine. Only a handful deal with drunkenness or drinking to excess. There is even one tradition that says that on Purim one should drink until he cannot distinguish between the blessed Mordecai and the cursed Haman.
There are no references to caffeine in any Jewish writings.
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Question: November is National Adoption Month. When Jews adopt, are their children automatically considered Jewish?
The following is a very complete statement on this issue.
American Reform Responsa
63. Adoption and Adopted Children
(1978)
QUESTION: What is the status of adoption and adopted children in Judaism? What steps are necessary for a conversion if such children are Gentile? If the children are converted, should they bear the name ben Avraham or bat Sarah? Should there be a special ritual for adoptions either for the naming of such children or for bringing these children into the covenant of Judaism? (Rabbi Michael M. Remson, Family Life Committee)
ANSWER: There is nothing in the legal section of the Talmud about adoption, although the Talmud does present agadot which discuss the status of Moses's relationship to Pharaoh's daughter and Naomi's to her grandchild (Talmud, Meg. 13a and San. l9b). These discussions led to the statement, "Whoever rears an orphan in his house is considered as if he had begotten that child." In addition, on the same page we find the statement, "He who teaches his neighbor's son Torah, is as if he had begotten him."Exodus Rabba 45 interpreted the verse of Isaiah 64:8, "You, O God, are our Father," as meaning that "Anyone who raised a child is called father, not the one who has begotten it." These are not halachic statements, but they indicate a climate of opinion which definitely favored adoption.
The problem with adoption is knowing the biological background of the adoptive child. If there is conclusive evidence that the child was the offspring of parents who could, under Jewish marriage law, have contracted a lawful marriage, then the child is deemed Jewish and there is no bar to adoption or any later participation in Jewish life, except that the child could not share in the traditional privileges of the Aaronite priesthood. Further, if the child is the child of a Jewish mother and a non-Jewish father, no bar to the adoption in terms of Jewish status of the child obtains. Even if the child were a foundling (an extremely rare situation today as far as Jewish infants are concerned) and the circumstances of the discovery point to a desire on the part of the natural parent(s) to insure that the baby would be found and taken in by a family to be raised, the Jewish presumption is that such a child may rightfully be considered Jewish.
Situations of doubt have always been rare, as Jewish law did everything possible to avoid them. For example, in the case of an unmarried Jewish mother, her statement about paternity was accepted; if she could not establish paternity, then the child was presumed kosher (Mishna, Kid. 4.2; Talmud, Kid. 73a; Yad, Hil. Isurei Bi-a 15.30, 31; Shulchan Aruch, Even Ha-ezer 4.30, 32). The sources make a distinction between two categories of children of whom nothing was known: Shetuki--children about whose paternity the mother was unwilling to say anything, and Asufi--foundlings with nothing known about mother or father. Some doubt was expressed about the acceptability of foundlings as suspicion of Mamzerut (a child born of an adulterous or incestuous relationship) existed, but the Talmud (Kid. 73a) surrounded this category with so many hedges that it virtually ceased to exist. In other words, most children would fall into the former category.
A considerable amount of modern discussion of these matters has been undertaken by Ezekiel Landau (Noda BiYehuda, vol. I, Even Ha-ezer #7), and Benjamin Weiss (Even Yekara 2.5). Both of these individuals discussed whether children with an unmarried Jewish mother and with doubtful paternity could be accepted. They concluded that the children were welcome even if the father was not Jewish. We can see from both ancient and more recent authorities that the main obstacle standing in the way of possible objection of Jewish children was successfully removed. Once they had entered the household, they were to be considered completely like children of the house and in no way different from natural children. This is in accordance with the Agadic statement previously mentioned, and which was re-emphasized by Meir of Rothenburg in Responsum #242, in which he dealt with a question about a note (Shetar) and an adopted orphan raised in the household. The orphan was considered legally part of the household. This thought was then embodied in the Jewish legal tradition (Isserles to Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat 42.15). It is reasonable today to rely on reputable adoption agents or agencies that should be in a position to provide information on the adoptive child's origin, not necessarily with specific names, etc., but with an accurate statement on the background of the anonymous (to the adoptive parents) natural parents.
If a child beyond the age of infancy is adopted-- as, for instance, in the case of a stepfather adopting the child of his wife, where the child was born to the wife's first marriage--there is no problem whatsoever in clarifying the child's origins. If a couple adopts an older child who may remember a mother or a father, there is an obligation on the part of the adoptive parents to find out the child's origins in order to be forewarned of any possible problem in the child's future full participation in Jewish life, particularly in the area of marriage. All adopted children should be told at an appropriate time that they have been adopted.
Lastly, a child who is definitely non-Jewish may, indeed, be adopted and converted. There is no question at all about the acceptability of non-Jewish children as candidates for adoption. Their background does not matter; even people once prohibited entry into the family of Israel, such as the Ammonites, Moabites, etc. (Deut. 23:4), were no longer forbidden by Mishnaic times (Tosefta, Kid. 5.9; Yad, Isurei Bi-a 12.25). In all such cases, we must deal with the process of conversion to Judaism (Mishna, Ket. 4.3; Ket. iia). It should be pointed out that such conversion, while full and complete ritually and legally, obligates the adoptive parents to provide Jewish training, etc., for the child. When the child reaches the age of Bar/Bat Mitzvah, there is a traditional mechanism by which the converted child could reject Judaism without prejudice (Sh.A., Yoreh De-a 268.7). In earlier days, a formal process of rejection was required because of the rigidity of Jewish-Gentile relationships. Nowadays, no such rejection mechanism is necessary, because belonging to the Jewish people and faith are essentially voluntary. It is important, however, that the adopted child be informed at an opportune time that he/she was adopted. In other words, the Jewishness of the child matures along with the child himself. Theoretically, the child could reject Judaism upon becoming an adult, but that matter is moot for us,and the conversion matures along with the child and becomes irrevocable. This places a special duty upon adoptive parents to see to it that an adopted child receives an adequate Jewish education so that the child's sense of being Jewish would not ever come into question.
It is clear that nothing formal should be done in this regard until permanent jurisdiction over the child has been obtained. This is proper from two points of view; first of all, it would be morally wrong, and probably illegal, to convert a child to Judaism as long as the possibility of having to return it to its non-Jewish parents remains; if that should occur, the child would be raised as a non-Jew. Secondly, it avoids the problem of public embarrassment if a child so placed has to be returned to its natural parent(s). Although this situation rarely arises, it does occur and that painful experience should not be aggravated.
When such a child has been legally adopted, then he or she should be named in the synagogue. The name to be provided would be ben- or bat-, and then the name of the adopting parents. Thenceforth, those parents are fully his/her parents and that should be indicated through the name. This should be stressed rather than the fact of conversion. The designations ben Avraham or bat Sarah were created for the purpose of providing a full name to individuals whose parents remained non-Jews. They also helped the convert, as this was a constant reminder of conversion to Judaism from another religion. In our case, both adoptive parents are Jewish and the child has never known any other religion, so it needs no reminder nor a special parental name (Moshe Feinstein, Igerot Mosheh, Yoreh De-a 161). Linking the Hebrew name of the child with his/her parents will provide an additional firm bond between them, which may be of special significance during the teenage years when this child will become Bar or Bat Mitzvah and question his or her real origin.
The naming of such a child should occur in the same manner as with any other child. This procedure should also be followed if the adopted child is older and may be capable of understanding the process. In most Reform congregations this would be considered sufficient ritual conversion for girls and also for a large number of boys. This act, along with Jewish education, would bring the child into the covenant of Judaism in the same manner as any natural child.
In the case of boys who are not circumcised, there should be a circumcision done precisely in the same manner and with the same ritual as a circumcision for natural children. It would, of course, usually occur at a more advanced age. If a child was already circumcised, some parents may want to undertake tipat dam, but that remains optional. In addition, some more traditional parents may also want to have the adopted boy or girl undergo Tevila. It is quite clear from tradition that if such a child at any later time undergoes Tevila, even though not specifically for the purpose of conversion, it would be considered the same as if he had undergone it for that purpose (Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De-a, 268.3). The Talmud debated the need for both circumcision and ritual bath. R. Eliezer (Talmud, Yev. 46a) indicated that a proselyte who was circumcised and did not take the ritual bath, was considered fully Jewish. The decision went against him. Both orthodox and Conservative rabbis in our day require it. A good case for having Tevila optional can be made. Tevila should, therefore, be considered optional, as it is with adult converts nowadays. In some cities Tevila has become frequent; in many other cities it is not practiced at all.
Finally, let us turn to the possibility of a new ritual for adoption. When an adopted child enters the family, the parents will probably feel quite at ease with that child and will, from the beginning, be able to treat it as if it were a natural child. Such an attitude will develop only slowly among grandparents and other relatives, who must be shown that this child is to be considered the complete equal of a natural child. For this reason, all procedures should follow the pattern taken with natural children. This will help the acceptance of such adopted children. For this reason, we would not favor adding any new ritual for adopted children. They should be treated like any other child in every way, be brought up into the covenant, and raised as Jewish children.
Walter Jacob, Chairman
Stephen M. Passamaneck
W. Gunther Plaut
Harry A. Roth
Rav A. Soloff
Bernard Zlotowitz
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Question: Is it true that the giving of presents instead of gelt (money) on Chanukah is a borrowed tradition from Christmas?
Thank you for your excellent question. It is quite clear that Hanukkah gelt is Jewish in origin.
In short, not necessarily.
The following information is from the Jewish Outreach Institute web site.
Savings bonds, checks, and small chocolate coins wrapped in gold foil-these are the modern incarnations of the traditional gift known as Hanukkah gelt. “Gelt” is a Yiddish term for “money.”
Although it is an old and cherished custom, the roots of gelt-giving go back much further than the Middle Ages, the era in which the custom is usually said to have originated. Even though it is not mentioned in either the Talmud or the Shulhan Arukh (the Code of Jewish Law), the importance of coins in the history of the Hasmonean period is undeniable.
The First Book of Maccabees records that in 142 B.C.E., 22 years after the Temple was recaptured, Simon the Maccabee, the surviving son of Mattathias, finally brought independence to Judea. Syria’s King Antiochus VII declared to Simon: “I turn over to you the right to make your own stamp for coinage for your country.” (I Macabees 15:6) The ability to mint their own coins was a concrete expression of the newly-won independence of the Jewish people.
During the following years of the Hasmonean dynasty, the first Jewish coins in history were issued. Most depicted cornucopia, symbolic of the prosperity of the country during these years. One of the coins minted by the last of the Hasmonean kings, Antigonus Matityahu (40-37 B.C.E.), portrayed the seven-branched menorah on one side and the Table of Shew Bread on the other, both symbols of the restored Temple. Some scholars conjecture that these designs may actually have been intended to remind the people of Hanukkah, which had been neglected during the waning yeasrs of the Hasmonean dynasty.
When the Second Temple was destroyed in 70 C.E., Jewish coinage ceased until modem times, except for a brief period during the Bar Kochba Revolution (132-135 C.E.). As a result, no Jewish coins were available to distribute when the custom of Hanukkah gelt- giving emerged as an important part of the festival during the Middle Ages. At that time, it was traditional to give Hanukkah gelt to the local Jewish teacher; in fact, it was his primary means of support. When the tradition was expanded to include giving coins to children, it became a way to emphasize the importance of Jewish education and the study of Torah.
Since the founding of the State of Israel, Jewish coinage has become a fascinating part of numismatics worldwide. In 1958, the Bank of Israel initiated a program of striking special commemorative coins for use as Hanukkah gelt. In a brilliantly conceived move to link the modern world with the ancient history of our people, the first Hanukkah coin portrayed exactly the same menorah that had appeared on the Last Maccabean coins of Antigonus Matityahu, 1,998 years earlier. Each year since 1958 (except 1964-71), the Hanukkah gelt coin has honored a different Jewish community around the world. In 1972, a silver coin was struck showing a 20th century Russian menorah, a rather clear message to the world about Soviet Jewry. On the 200th anniversary of the United States' Declaration of Independence, the 1976 Hanukkah coin featured a colonial American menorah. Other issues through the years have featured menorahs from many different lands where Jews have lived.
Whatever your source for Hanukkah gelt, it is always a wonderful tradition to put some of what you receive into a tzedakah box in order to share your good fortune with those in need or for a good cause.
In families where gifts are exchanged instead of gelt, children can choose to donate one of their gifts to the needy, or use saved money to purchase a gift for the less fortunate.
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Question: What are Ephraim and Manasshe so significant that they are referenced in the blessing of male children? The Bible tells us little about them.
One explanation is Ephraim and Menashe represent a break from the pattern of sibling rivalry demonstrated by Isaac and Ishmael, and Jacob and Esau. It is interesting to note that Jacob purposely switched his hands, blessing the younger Ephraim before the older Menashe. Jacob wished to emphasize the point that with these siblings, there is no rivalry. (see Genesis 48:13-14) There is no greater blessing than peace among brothers. The words of King David ring true: "How good and pleasant is it for brethren to dwell together in unity." (Psalms 133:1)
Another explanation might be that Ephraim and Menashe were the recipients of affection from their grandfather. When Joseph brings his sons to his father, Jacob "kissed them and embraced them." (Genesis 48:10) Perhaps the originators of the traditional blessing understood the importance of parental love and affection in the formation of a human being's personality and values.
When Joseph learned of his father's final illness, he took his sons with him to visit Jacob. Joseph clearly wanted his sons to receive their grandfather's blessing and become an integral link in the chain of the descendants of Abraham. And indeed, Joseph apparently enjoyed a close relationship with his sons. "Joseph lived to see children of the third generation of Ephraim; the children of Machir, son of Menashe were also born on Joseph's knees." (Genesis 50:23)
Still another explanation might be that they were the first of the generation that was born in the diaspora, which has been the source of Jewish survival for millennia..
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Question: Fox news commentator Glenn Beck accused financier and Holocaust survivor George Soros of "sending Jews to the death camps" as a teenager without any factual basis. As Jews, we struggle to honor the memories of those who perished, and to ensure such atrocities never happen again. As Americans, we honor and uphold the right to free speech of every person, generally no matter how wrong, stupid, or hateful it may be. How and where should we draw the line between Holocaust denial and revisionism, and political attacks on a controversial figure as a form of expression? How do we balance these two important values?
Glenn Beck is a major source of misinformation. This is not the first area in which he has has fouled the airwaves. Unfortunately, the First Amendment to the Constitution gives him this right. One way of working to reduce his influence would be to create an organized campaign to motivate the FCC to restore its Fairness Doctrine, which states that holders of broadcast licenses must act both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was, in the Commission's view, honest, equitable and balanced.
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Question: Some of Bernie Madoff's property is up for auction. While selling his wares to raise money to repay those he scammed is a good thing, isn't it kind of unsettling for people to want to own things formerly used by a fraudster? What does Judaism say about this?
It would be a violation of Jewish ethics to obtain such materials directly from Madoff. However, since the items were confiscated by the government, and the proceeds will go to benefit those from whom he stole. there is no ethical problem.
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Question: President Obama's administration was talking about possibly needing to reduce Social Security benefits and raise the retirement age to combat the deficit. What does the Jewish faith say about taking care of our society's elderly?
Providing for the elderly is a cornerstone of Judaism. The number of passages stating this abounds. From “Honor the hoary head” (Lev 19), to “Plead for the widow” (Isaiah 1), we find injunctions to honor and care for the elderly. This theme is repeated in the Talmud, for example on B’rachot 8b, and in the Midrash, Sh’mot Rabbah, 5,12.
As I understand it, the Obama administration is considering raising the retirement age. When we consider that in our generation people are healthy and productive well into their seventies, to raise the entry age for social security does not seem to me to be a violation of our principles. I read of no proposal to reduce benefits, although there is discussion of a means test. My hunch is that when Bill Gates reaches retirement age, he can live with a reduced monthly stipend from the government.
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Question: Are there any Jewish legal or religious traditions that run counter to celebrating Halloween, traditionally a pagan holiday, but now more or less a secular one?
This response has been running around the Web for a long time. I do not know the original source, but I also see no need to re-invent the wheel, so here it is. I agree with it completely.
Let me tell you about a wonderful Jewish holiday: once a year, our children dress up as sages, princesses, heroes and clowns. They drop by the homes of our community, visit the infirm and the aged, spreading joy and laughter. They bring gifts of food and drink and collect tzedakah (charity) for the needy.
You guessed it--it's called Purim, when it's customary to send mishloach manot--gifts of food--to one's friends and even more gifts to those in hard times.
Flip it over (October instead of March, demanding instead of giving, scaring instead of rejoicing, demons instead of sages, etc.) and you have Halloween. There you have it: a choice of one of two messages you can give to your children. I call that a choice, because one of the beautiful things about kids is that, unlike adults, they don't do too well receiving two conflicting messages at once.
I know how hard it is to be different, but as Jews, we have been doing just that for most of our 3,800 years. SinceAbrahamandSarahbroke away from the Sumerian cult of gods and demons, we have lived amongst other peoples while being very different from them. And we dramatically changed the world by being that way.
That's a proud and nurturing role for any child: To be a leader and not a follower, to be a model of what should be rather than of what is.
Make your kids feel that they are the vanguard. They belong to a people who have been entrusted with the mission to be a light to the nations--not an ominous light inside a pumpkin, but a light that stands out and above and shows everyone where to go. Forget about Halloween and wait forPurim to turn the neighborhood upside down!
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Question: The latest rumor of a celebrity practicing Kabbalah is supermodel Naomi Campbell. What is the celebrity draw to Jewish mysticism and can a non-Jew legitimately "practice" Kabbalah?
The celebrity draw to mysticism of any variety is the same as the celebrity draw to drugs and alcohol. They are all escapes from reality. Wealth and fame do not grant all that one may think. You ask whether or not a non-Jew can practice Kabbalah. I might reply, is there such a practice? If a non Jew, celebrity or not, wishes to practice any form of Judaism, let him or her take an introduction to Judaism course through one of our recognized movements, rather than a commercial course through a self styled guru.
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Question: Tea Party adherents claim global warming is a myth. As politicians spread such lies, and during an election year when odds are likely that Republicans will gain ground in Congress, the danger that fewer government programs will be put in place to combat climate change becomes more and more real. As Jews, how can we help to share scientific truths about global warming and continue to do our duty to repair the world?
There are many approaches, through blogs, letters to the editor, and above all, letters and phone calls to people in political office on all levels, local, state, and national. Support organizations like the Sierra Club. Get involved in the campaigns of candidates who are environmentally aware. Work with community interfaith organizations to remind the politicians that they need to be responsive to the religious community and its belief in the concept that we are but stewards of whatever we possess.
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Question: What is a woman to do if her husband just won't work? He won't seek a job out. What should I do?
Jewish tradition requires a husband to assume responsibility for the support of his family. This is spelled out in the K'tuvah, as well as in the Talmud. I suggest that you seek counseling, either for both of you, or yourself alone. Eventually you may have to file for divorce.
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Question: I have lived as an Orthodox Jew for the past 20 years, and while I love the frum (observant) community and lifestyle, I have no desire to have children. I find them annoying. If I let my feelings be known in the community I won't get set up on dates. Why am I being forced to lie about liking kids? What should I do?
To begin with, I am a reform rabbi, but I can relate to your angst. You want the freedom to be who you are. The reality is that in the frum community women are expected to bear as many children as their bodies will allow. Your annoyance with children means that you do not share one of the basic values of the community.
It appears to me that you have two equally unhealthy, unethical choices, and a third painful and ethical but healthier one.
1. Lie to any and all who are interested in you, and conceal your use of birth control. Thus you will live the rest of your life in the closet, and deny your mate one of his most important desires.
2. Hide your feelings but behaviorally accept and live the standards of the community; be miserable in the role as a mother, and become a terrible parent.
3. Come out of the closet, and live your own somewhat frum life style, and meet men who will accept you as you are, and who don't want children.
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Question: It's so difficult to be understanding & forgiving in the face of man-made tragedy, like the recent story about the mother who killed her two young sons. As Jews, how are we taught to go about doing this? Are criminals worthy of our forgiveness? Some more than others? How can we reconcile this with our grief for the victims?
You have raised two issues. As far as reconciling our forgiveness with grief, there is no problem. The two responses are separate and distinct. No matter how we feel about the offender, we can still care for the victim.
As for forgiveness, remember, "It is forbidden to be obdurate and not allow yourself to be appeased. On the contrary, one should be easily pacified and find it difficult to become angry. When asked by an offender for forgiveness, one should forgive with a sincere mind and a willing spirit. . . forgiveness is natural to the seed of Israel." (Mishneh Torah,Teshuvah2:10) Nevertheless, note that the offender must seek forgiveness.
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Question: Is swordfish kosher? Why or why not? Would it be proper to serve swordfish to friends who keep kosher?
Not being a believer in reinventing the wheel, I did some research and found several artices on the subject. The best one (in my opinion) is the following:
"This reply is based on several sources in halacha [the entire body of Jewish law and tradition, including the laws of the Bible, Talmud and oral law]. Most notably, extensive research by Rabbi Moshe Tendler, Chairman and Professor of the Biology Department at Yeshiva University, March, 1966.
"The halachic [status] of swordfish (xiphias gladius):it is a non-kosher fish.It has been presented to halachic giants of our generation such as Rabbi Moshe Feinstein and from previous generations such as Rabbi Itzel of Ponovitz,and they have all concluded that it is not kosher.
"The biblical term for scaled kosher fish is 'kaskeses.' Nachmanides comments in Leviticus XI:9 that based on Biblical and Talmudic sources this refers to a type of structure like the nail of a human which can be removed from the skin of the fish by hand or with a knife. But if it be affixed to the skin and not separated therefrom at all (i.e. no free margins), then the bearer of these 'scales' may not be eaten.
"Ichthyologists recognize four types of fish scale. The kosher variety of scales are cycloid (round) and ctenoid (comblike). The ganoid scale found on sturgeon, or the placoid scale of the shark are specifically excluded from the Biblical term kaskeses since they are not 'removable' scales without tearing the skin from the flesh. Even an educated layman would not see any similarity between the heavy bony plates of the sturgeon or the needle-like projections on the shark skin and the classic kosher scale of the whitefish or carp.
"In Fishery leaflet #531, U.S. Dept. of Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Wash. D.C., it states 'swordfish during early juvenile stage of life (up to 8 inches long), have "scales" that are markedly specialized and rather unique. They are in the form of bony tubercules or expanded compressed platelike bodies. These scales are rough, having spinous projections at the surface and they do not overlap one another as the scales in most fish do. With growth the scales disappear and the adult fish including those sold commercially have no scales.'
"The Talmud (Chulin 66A) lists but two exceptions to the absolute requirements of having visible scales:
a) fish that shed their scales when netted, like the mackerel. A black cloth placed in the net beforehand can verify this;
b) fish that have scales developing later in the life cycle; consequently the juvenile fish that lack scales may be eaten since they DO have scales at maturity.
"Nowhere in the Talmud or in responsa literature is there any reference or precedent to such a deviant: a fish that has scales as a juvenile but not as an adult. Therefore, based on the above, swordfish (xiphias gladius) do not possess scales of the kosher variety and is a non-kosher fish" (www.koshersupermarket.com/rabbidavis.htm).
Because of the scientific evidence listed here, we've listed the swordfish with other unclean animals. Based on an article byCecil E. Maranville, from thewww.ucg.orgwebsite.
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Question: Do Jews believe dogs and cats have souls?
Searching every level of Jewish literature, Biblical, Talmudic, medieval philosophical, and modern, you will find no references to dogs and cats or any other members of the animal kingdom with the exception of humans possessing souls.
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Question: The Jewish community seems divided about the Israeli conversion bill. As individual Jews living in the Diaspora, what should we be paying attention to or responding to? How are the denominations responding?
News of the bill's impending submission prompted the Union of Reform Judaism and 14 other organizations to write a letter of concern to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Sunday. URJ President Rabbi Eric Yoffie, Vice President Rabbi Julie Schonfeld and others expressed their “dismay” at the advancement of the bill.
“(We) are deeply disappointed to hear that the bill will now be presented in a new and even more problematic format,” the writers said. The rabbis noted that they had been involved in discussions with Knesset members for some months, and were under the impression that Reform and Conservative groups would be consulted for input before the bill received further consideration.
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Question: I just found out there is medicine made from pigs, like insulin and some others. Is this kosher, coming from a pig and being medicine and not food? And on the other hand, there are also organ transplant components made from parts of a pig (like skin, and some internal organs). Is this kosher? The pig is not being eaten, it is just the source of the transplant component. If we can use human transplant components (which certainly aren't kosher to eat!), can we use pig transplant components? Thanks!
There is a general principle as to healing and the materials used for healing which, on the face of it, is so general as to make all further discussion of this problem unnecessary. The Talmud says (Pesachim 25a): 'We may use any material for healing except that which is connected with idolatry, immorality, and bloodshed." These are the three cardinal sins which a person must avoid, even if it would lead to martyrdom. But aside from three such sources of healing methods or materials, any material or any method would be permitted. Maimonides, himself a great physician, makes this Talmudic statement even clearer. He says (Hilchot Yesodei Torah 5.6): "He who is sick and in danger of death, and the physician tells him that he can be cured by a certain object or material which is forbidden by the Torah, must obey the physician and be cured." This is codified as a law in the Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De-a 155.3.
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I have been a Mason for more than fifty years, and a rabbi for more than forty years. The two are totally compatible. My friend and mentor, Rabbi Edgar Magnin, a"h, was the Grand Chaplain for California for several years, and the present president of the synagogue to which my wife and I belong just completed his term as Grand Lecturer for California.
In addition to my own personal knowledge, the following scholarly article may be helpful to you.
The following is extracted from a paper by Paul M. Bessel of Arlington, VA that accompanied presentations in February 1989. The FAQ would like to thank David Kaufman ([5]davidkman@hotmail.com) for providing this information; the full text of the presentation may be obtained from him. The full text is online at [6]http://www.bessel.org/masjud.htm.
Jews were actively involved in the beginnings of Freemasonry in
America. There is evidence they were among those who established
Masonry in seven of the original thirteen states: Rhode Island, New
York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia.
A Jewish Mason, Moses Michael Hays, helped introduce the Masonic
Scottish Rite in America. Paul Revere served under him as Deputy Grand
Master. There were several other Jews who held the masonic titles in
the late 1700's: Solomon Bush in Pennsylvania, Joseph Myers in
Maryland and later in South Carolina, and Abraham Forst of
Philadelphia in Virginia in 1781. Another Jewish Grand Master was
Moses Seixas in Rhode Island from 1791 until 1800. There were many
other American Jewish Masons in early American history, including one
in George Washington's original Fredericksburg Lodge.
Jewish Masons played an important part in the American Revolution,
with 24 of them serving as officers in George Washington's army. In
addition, several helped finance the American cause, including Haym
Salomon, a Philadelphia Jewish Mason who with others contributed and
raised money for the American war effort and loaned money to
Jefferson, Madison, Lee, and others for their personal expenses.
Salomon was imprisoned by the British and died in his 40's bankrupt
and with penniless heirs.
There is evidence that Jews, including rabbis, continued to be
involved in the Masonic movement in the United States. There have been
at least 51 Jewish American Grand Masters. Today there are many Jews
active in Masonry in America and other countries. Israel has about 60
Masonic lodges with 3,000 members.
Jews had also been involved to a small extent in the formation of
modern Freemasonry in the early 1700's in England. Until then Jews
were not permitted to participate in many of the ordinary activities
of life. Then the Enlightenment concept of the universality of all
people brought about a society where people's religious beliefs did
not affect their rights as citizens. Jews were gradually permitted to
exercise the rights of citizenship and to pursue their lives as they
wished.
Many Jews viewed joining Freemasonry as part of their "emancipation"
from the old legal and social exclusions. Modern Masonry was as much a
product of the Enlightenment as the emancipation of Jews. Many society
leaders were Freemasons and if Jews could join this fraternity that
would prove they were being accepted. They could also use the
opportunities presented by their participation in a social
organization with Christians to prove the two could prosper by their
association. Freemasonry's philosophy of the brotherhood of all people
indicated Masonry would accept Jews as members.
There are many common themes and ideals in Masonic and Jewish rituals,
symbols, and words:
* Belief in G-d, prayer, immortality of the soul, charity, and
acting respectfully to all people are essential elements of
Freemasonry as well as Judaism, and of course other religions too.
* Masonry and Judaism, as well as other religions and statements of
ethical standards, teach that we must discipline ourselves and
keep our passions in check. Jewish masons follow rituals in
synagogues and in Masonic lodges to help them develop this
ability.
* Judaism and Masonry give the greatest respect and support for
freedom of individuals. Judaism teaches that everyone is capable
of good or evil and attempts to help us use our free will to
choose the righteous path. Masonry teaches that those who are
morally fit can find "light" in Masonry if they desire it of their
own free will. The concept of exercising free will to accept the
law and atone for past transgressions is what Rosh Hashanah and
Yom Kippur are about.
* Light is an important symbol in both Freemasonry and Judaism.
Contrast the holiday of Chanukah with the use of light in Masonry,
where it represents the Divine spirit, religious freedom, and
rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem and of the spiritual
Temple within us all.
* One of the fundamental symbols of Masonry is the Temple of Solomon
and the Second Temple, which also figured as the central part of
the Jewish religion. King Solomon, one of the greatest figures in
Jewish history, is also one of the most important figures in
Masonic rituals.
While there are many common aspects of Judaism and Freemasonry, it
also should be recognized that because of the history of attempts to
force Jews to convert they can be uncomfortable about being asked to
say Christian prayers or otherwise indicate non-Jewish beliefs. Some
parts of Masonry use New Testament prayers, references to Saints, the
cross as a religious symbol (although it is stated that the cross is
being used as a symbol of religion in general rather than the
Christian religion), and one Masonic organization requires aspiring
members to swear to support the Christian faith. Jews must deal with
these references to other religions by remaining quiet or not
participating in those parts of Masonry.
Did Masonry always welcome Jews? No. Although a Jew, Edward Rose,
became a Mason in a London lodge in 1732, this event apparently
excited attention and led to other lodges debating whether they should
permit Jewish members. Eventually, significant numbers of Jews joined
English Masonry where they were apparently welcomed. French Masonic
lodges, and those in different countries affiliated with the French
Grand Orient during the Napoleonic occupations, admitted Jews without
restrictions. In 1869 a Jew was Grand Master of the Scottish Rite in
Paris. However, later in the 1800's French society became more
anti-Semitic, culminating in the Dreyfus affair where a French army
officer was unjustly accused of treason mainly because he was a Jew,
and French Masonry unfortunately also became more anti-Jewish. Today,
some parts of French Masonry are officially neutral about religion and
do not even require a belief in G-d. In Scandinavia, according to some
sources, Masonry is officially Christian and does not accept Jewish
members.
It is probably not surprising that the country with the longest
history of anti-Semitic prejudice in Freemasonry as well as in society
is Germany. Most lodges there did not permit Jews to be members, and
they even questioned visiting Masonic brethren about their religion at
the doors of their lodges and barred Jews even if they were Masons in
good standing in other lodges. This caused lodges in England, the
Netherlands, and the United States to protest but they did not
retaliate against visiting German Masons.
German officials feared secret societies as potential sources of
subversion, so the Prussian government became involved in Masonry as a
means to watch and control it. The future Kaiser Wilhelm I was the
patron of the three Berlin Grand Lodges for many years, and he decided
that Jews would only be permitted if there was unanimous agreement.
Since one of the Grand Lodges was known to be adamant against
accepting Jews, this forced the others who wanted to be more tolerant
to maintain anti-Jewish policies.
In Russia, Freemasonry was also suppressed because of the belief it
might be used to support political activity against the Csarist
regime, at the same time that Jews were prevented from obtaining
rights of citizenship in that country.
Various claims were made by those who wanted to keep Jews out of
Masonry. Some said Masonry was a Christian institution and Jews could
not become members unless they converted. Some said only Christians
could possess the good character necessary to achieve Masonic ideals.
Others said Masonry has Christian symbols and prayers but Jews could
become Masons if they simply complied with requirements such as
swearing on the Christian Gospels and eating pork at Masonic meals
(both violations of halacha), without having to convert. However,
there was also an argument that if a Jew voluntarily complied with
Christian practices he showed he was contemptuous of his own religion
and had a bad character, and was thus unworthy to be a Mason.
Another argument was that Jews preferred to be in their own social
groups. It was said they should not try to push their way into Masonic
lodges where they were not wanted, would be uncomfortable, and would
make others uncomfortable by their presence. Some Jews did join lodges
that were primarily Jewish and the B'nai B'rith organization in its
early days had a ritual parallel to Freemasonry.
Finally, there were the rawest antisemitic arguments. Some of those
who wanted to keep Jews out of Masonry said the Jewish religion was
inherently evil, or that Jews were racially and genetically evil and
could never be permitted in Masonry even if they converted.
In general, Freemasonry's attitudes toward Jews mirrors those of the
rest of society. Jews became more acceptable from the late 1700's
until the 1870's. From that time on, anti-Semitism increased in many
countries. This also occurred in Freemasonry, but by then Judaism and
Masonry were being jointly attacked.
Freemasons and Jews always had critics. Eventually the bigots realized
they could promote their ideas by tying Masons and Jews together as
objects of hatred.
Critics said Freemasonry and Judaism were dedicated to undermining the
institutions of existing society, including Christianity and the
State, and pointed to the secrecy associated with both as proof of
their evil intentions. Masons and Jews were said to be involved in, or
benefited from, radical efforts such as the American, French, and
Russian revolutions. Masonry and Judaism promoted free will of men,
contrary to efforts of those who sought to insure that people had the
"correct" thoughts. (This may explain why the Roman Catholic Papacy
has expressed its antagonism toward Freemasonry so frequently and
strongly since 1738, and why extreme conservatives in other religions
also oppose Freemasonry.) Gradually the charge was made that
Freemasons and Jews were both evil and they were purposely supporting
each others' radical schemes.
Ironically, Masons and Jews were also sometimes accused of being too
reactionary. Aristocrats often belonged to Masonic lodges, and some
German Masons promoted the return of the Kaiser after World War I
brought about a republic. Also, some Jews still dressed and acted in
the same conservative ways as their ancestors in the middle ages and
thus kept themselves apart from modern society.
Increasingly Jews and Freemasons were accused of being disloyal to
their countries, keeping strange secrets, and designing to take over
the world.
The ultimate form of this hatred was the sinister "Protocols of the
Elders of Zion", which originated in Russia and received wide
circulation after it was translated into German in the 1920's. Some
bigots claimed this document was a transcript of a meeting of Jewish
leaders plotting world domination, in partnership with Freemasons.
Although this document was not even a clever hoax, its influence was
unbelievably widespread and long-lasting in whipping up hatred against
Jews and Masons by many, including Henry Ford in the United States
during his long anti-Jewish campaign in the 1920's and 1930's.
It was a short step from this to the ideology of the Nazis. Hitler
attacked Masons as well as Jews, and after taking control of Germany
and other European countries Nazis used the slogan "All Masons
Jews--all Jews Masons", and persecuted Masons, Jews, and others. The
Soviet Union and other totalitarian regimes have consistently attacked
Freemasonry, because they cannot tolerate an organization whose basic
beliefs are freedom of individuals and tolerance and generosity toward
all people.
Dictatorships have regularly attacked and persecuted Masons and Jews,
and these attacks on Masons and Jews together are not all in the past.
Last year a group called the "Islamic Resistance Movement--Palestine"
said that Freemasonry and other "Zionist-affiliated" organizations are
about to be liquidated.
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Question: The Torah and Midrashim tell us stories of Jewish fighters defending themselves and the Jewish people. What do contemporary Rabbis say about self defense and gun control in the present?
Adopted by the CCAR at the 86th Annual Convention of
the Central Conference of American Rabbis
1975
WHEREAS we are heirs of a prophetic tradition which ever sought to repair the damagedworld, and
WHEREAS in our efforts to restore the world to sanity we affirm the following positionwhich we take knowing full well the complexity of such an issue but knowing alsothat we cannot be silent,
WHEREAS we members of the Central Conference of American Rabbis have become increasinglyaware of the great loss of human life in the United States due to the proliferationof handguns in so many sectors of our society including homes and schools, and
WHEREAS the handgun has been accurately and positively identified as the weapon usedmost frequently in cases of rage and passion where one or more persons are killedor maimed, and
WHEREAS children and young people between the ages of 1 and 19 have easy access toguns of family and friends resulting in a mounting toll of young deaths and seriousinjuries, and
WHEREAS the handgun is appearing with increasing frequency in high schools and moreand more students are killed and injured by these guns each year,
BE IT THEREFORE RESOLVED that the members of the Central Conference of American Rabbiscall upon the Congress of the United States and all state legislatures to speedilyenact such legislation as will effectively ban the sale of handguns to all citizensexcept (1) the military, (2) duly authorized police officers, (3) qualified and competentsecurity personnel who will have possession of such handguns only in direct performanceof their duties, and (4) sports target shooters duly licensed by local authorities, and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that such legislation shall make provisions for collectingand redeeming in United States currency all handguns now in possession of citizens,aliens, residents and visitors of the United States, other than those authorizedand heretofore enumerated, namely: (1) the military, (2) police officers, (3) qualified andcompetent security personnel, and (4) sports target shooters duly licensed by localauthorities, and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that individual members of the Central Conference of AmericanRabbis will assist and encourage organizations and individuals who are at presentand who may in the future work knowingly and diligently for such state and federallegislation, namely to ban the sale of handguns to the general public and to collect andredeem those handguns presently in the possession of persons other than (1) the military,(2) police officers, (3) qualified security personnel, and (4) sports target shooters duly licensed by local authorities, and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that a copy of this Resolution be mailed to the President andVice-President of the United States, that copies be made available in quantity andthat each member of the Central Conference of American Rabbis be urged to send acopy of this Resolution to each member of the legislatures of the individual states wherethe member of the Conference resides, and that the President of the Union of AmericanHebrew Congregations be asked to send a copy of this Resolution to the members ofthe Joint Commission on Social Action of the UAHC-CCAR seeking endorsement and implementationof this or a similar resolution at the forthcoming Biennial Convention of the UAHC.
Adopted by the CCAR at the 100th Annual Convention of
the Central Conference of American Rabbis
Cincinnati, Ohio June, 1989
WHEREAS the proliferation of firearms and automatic weapons continues unabated; and
WHEREAS the loss of life and personal injury from the use of such weapons grows astronomically,and
WHEREAS the Central Conference of American Rabbis has been on record in previous yearsin support of gun control.
THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED that the CCAR urge local, state, and national officials torestrict the sale of all handguns and to ban the sale of automatic weapons to thegeneral public.
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Question: Between soccer games, choir concerts and everything else that seems to accumulate by week’s end, my family doesn’t really have time for a “typical Shabbat.” What can we do to keep the Sabbath special?
I begin with the premise that rather than people being here to serve the needs of religion, religion is here to serve the needs of people. Reform Judaism meets my needs. It gives me the opportunity to shape my own Judaism, basing it on my own response to the Jewish past, my own interpretation in the present, and the excitement of being able to pass it on to the future of my children and grandchildren.
I am not limited by halachah. I see it as a wonderful creative process by which the rabbis of the Talmudic period were able to create an intellectual bloodless revolution, destroying the authority of the priesthood, and enabling Judaism to become a religion that was portable, and not merely one that was restricted to a limited geographic area. It is a part of the warp and woof of the tapestry of Jewish history, and enabled subsequent intellectual revolutions within Judaism to occur.
Each Friday evening, my wife and I light Shabbat candles together. We sing Shalom Aleichem, and I recite a portion of Eishet Chayil, a woman of valor. Of course, I don't use the verses that do not pertain to our time, and I usually add a phrase or two of my own that speak of special things that Dee has one during the preceding week. We chant the full Kiddush, and enjoy a special meal. After that, we enjoy a quiet evening at home, and will sometimes go to services. We also may go to theater or a concert. There were many Friday nights when we would have Shabbat dinner and all of its ritual with two close friends of ours in the picnic area of the Hollywood Bowl, and then enjoy the evening there. One of our favorite Shabbat experiences was in a French restaurant in Edinburgh, Scotland, when the waiter, a Roman Catholic Scot, saw us lighting the candles, and in his thick burr asked if we minded his joining us in the Kiddush. He and other members of his family had lived in Israel, and he was fluent in Hebrew.
Our most meaningful High Holy Days were a few years ago, when we in a 26-foot RV in the wilds of Wyoming. We had our own private services, just the two of us. We blew Shofar, read Torah from a text, and instead of a sermon, the two of us shared our own thoughts on Judaism and our personal and familial values. If anyone is interested, I have written the story of that trip in detail. Moses went up on Sinai; we were in the Tetons.
I love being a Reform Jew because as a movement we are in favor of equal rights for women, we support a woman's individual reproductive choice, we support equality both social and legal, for our gay brothers and sisters (including officiating at commitment ceremonies for them), and we helped to create child labor laws and trade unionism, and we have opposed the
Viet Nam war, capital punishment, and the proliferation of guns in our society. We have marched arm in arm with Martin Luther King, and have supported Israel even when we have disagreed with its government's policies.
I am a Reform Jew because its intellectual voice calls me to be creative and imaginative in my practice, and its prophetic voice calls me to do battle for social justice.
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Question: Has the Jewish perspective on the state of Israel evolved over the years since the position of Jews in the Diaspora has changed? Is it a central focus of the religion today?
You certainly asked a complex question. To begin with, To begin with, there is no such thing as a religion called Judaism. Actually, Judaism is a civilization, in which religion is one of its many dimensions. Within its religious area we find a number of mutually exclusive belief systems that are institutionalized or entitled as follows:
Orthodoxy, Conservatism, Reconstructionism, Reform, and Humanism, and most recently, Renewal.
There is also secular Judaism, and many of its adherents belong to Jewish community centers, organizations such as B'nai B'rith, the American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish Congress, various Zionist organizations, Yiddish-ist organizations that are openly atheistic (like the Workman's Circle, an atheist, Zionist, socialist group that was very active at the turn of the century, but still has a few members today), and I could go on for pages.
To sum this up, we might come up with the old sociological saw, put six Jews in a room, and you come up with seven opinions.
All these disclaimers considered, it is no surprise that on rabbinic list serves there is great concern expressed that we have not done a good enough job of educating our youth about Israel, and that too large a portion of them have too little concern for the State.
While there remains a dedicated core, I would venture to say that to the majority of American Jews, Israel is a country that should be protected, that needs us as an ally, and that we need as an ally. It is a place they might visit some day. For those of us who have been there, Israel and its survival are crucial. To the rest, my sense of the matter that Israel is a positive, but not on top of their list of priorities.
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Question: If my divorced parents get a get, does that make me and my siblings illegitimate?
In a word, no. A get does not mean that the a marriage never took place. Even if one is born out of wedlock, a Jewish child is not viewed as illegitimate. That is a British common law term. The term "Momzer" does not mean an illegitimate child, as popular ignorance would have us believe. It is a halachic term referring to a child born to an incestuous or other forbidden relationship, such as a Kohen and divorced woman.
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Question: Is there a Jewish viewpoint on the immigration law passed recently in Arizona? Are we supposed to make a concerted effort to welcome others because of our own history of being shut out or expelled from other countries?
I have published the following remarks in several places. I think they very accurately reflect my viewpoint as a Jew, based not only on our history, but on our enduring commitment to prophetic Judaism.
A generation ago, Pastor Martin Niemuller, in "Letters from Prison" wrote,
" In Germany they first came for the Communists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist.
Then they came for the Jews,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew.
Then they came for the Trade Unionists,
and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Trade Unionist.
Then they came for the Catholics,
and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant.
Then they came for me.
And by that time, no-one was left to speak up."
I am not an African American but I learned from Martin Luther King, Jr. the transformative words, "I have a dream".
I am not a nineteenth century Viennese Jew witnessing European anti-Semitism, but I leaned from Theodor Herzl who wrote, envisioning a Jewish state, "If you will it, it is no dream."
I am not a Latino picking fruit, but I learned from Cesar Chavez, who taught us, "Si Se puede."
I did travel in the American south, and saw signs that read, "No Jews, dogs, or N. . . s allowed" and I learned from them.
To paraphrase Supreme Court Justice, Potter Stewart, I may not be able to define racism, but I know it when I see it.
Despite the governor's denials, racism is blatantly clear in Arizona Law 1070.
One clause in this infamous law says that a private citizen who does not think a police officer is enforcing the law can take that officer to court. The implication is that a KKK member can sue a police officer for not being sufficiently racist.
It is interesting that police chiefs in several Arizona counties have come out in opposition to this law which discourages citizen cooperation with the police and encourages rogue cops who dishonor the badge by arresting drivers for the crime of DWB (driving while black) to expand their practice to DWH. Having spent fifteen years as a police chaplain, I understand and salute the dedicated cops who oppose this law.
Let's look at reality. Canadians or northern Europeans who have overstayed their visas are not sought. This law declares an open hunting season on Hispanics.
It also says that an immigrant must carry identification with him or her 24/7. Does this imply a practical necessity for Hispanic citizens to carry their American passport all the time? Of what administration in what country does that remind you.
I call on ministers to honor the injunctions in Exodus and Deuteronomy, "Love the stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt", and encourage City Council to join Boston, Massachusetts; New York City, St. Paul, Minnesota, and the California cities of Oakland, San Diego and San Francisco in banning official business trips to AZ, and entering into new contracts with that state.
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Question: What is the Jewish view on returning captives? When a soldier is in captivity, as Gilad Shalit was for five years, do Diaspora Jews have a responsibility to draw attention to his plight?
The concept of ransoming captives (Pidyon Shevuyim) is rated very highly in Jewish thought. It is cited in Tractate Baba Batra 8a and b. RAMBAM stresses it in his Yad HaHazakah, saying that it supercedes giving alms to the poor. However, the Rabbis set a limit on the ransom, putting it at no more than the value of a slave, with some exceptions.
In this case, the issue is clearly not the amount of a ransom. It is a matter of Shalit being used as a tool for political gain. It is clearly immoral to hold him captive. Therefore, since we believe in redeeming prisoners, it is very important that we keep his case in the forefront. Whatever pressure can be applied on the Gazans to release him is within the structure of Pidyon Shevuyim. Go for it!
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Question: Israel received a lot of criticism for its handling of the flotilla #1. To what extent in Jewish law is Israel justified in balancing its security interests over allowing "humanitarian" supplies to reach Palestinians in Gaza?
The following paragraph is the conclusion of a major article written by my distinguished colleague, Rabbi Bradley Shavit Artson. I believe that it answers the question.
The position does not stop quite there. The ultimate master for the rabbis is God; the ultimate values,shalomand a life of community. The issue is not whether to wage war or not, but rather what brings peace, what permits a fully flowering of life. Thus there are limits to what they consider “peace.” A craven peace that prohibits the propagation and continuation of culture, learning, and ethics, which prohibits what Norman Lamm has termed the “basic moral code”, is an intolerable condition, certainly not a peace. Similarly, a life which is without the possibility of family, integrity, love and morality is not a fully human life. Not merely lack of war, but peace—shalom—and life are the absolute around which other values revolve. Those absolutes require protection. In an unredeemed world, an unwillingness to defend peace and life result in their loss. As products of the real world, the sages of Judaism not only prohibited aggressive war but insisted on defendingshalomand life against assault.
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Question: I don't make a lot of money but I am able to live comfortably. I know the importance that Judaism places on tzedakah, but is there some specific standard that I should be trying to reach regarding what I give to charities?
To begin with, there is no such thing as a religion called Judaism. Actually, Judaism is a civilization, in which religion is one of its many dimensions. Within its religious area we find a number of mutually exclusive belief systems that are institutionalized or entitled as follows: Orthodoxy, Conservatism, Reconstructionism, Reform, and Humanism.
There is also secular Judaism, and many of its adherents belong to Jewish community centers, organizations such as B'nai B'rith, the American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish Congress, various Zionist organizations, Yiddish-ist organizations that are openly atheistic (like the Workman's Circle, an atheist, Zionist, socialist group that was very active at the turn of the century, but still has a few members today), and I could go on for pages.
Why this long introduction? In order to establish some basic thought patterns. One is not a Jew by virtue of what one believes, but rather by virtue of ones feeling of belonging. In the Talmud, we find a passage that says, "An Israelite, even though he has gone off the path, remains an Israelite."
Let me spell out what I conceive as the purpose of religion. The human animal is the only one that is aware of its finite nature. We are finite in terms of living and dying, as well as finite in every mental, emotional, spiritual, ethical, social, physical, and economic aspect of our lives. (There are many others, but this is a good summary.) We do not like this finite state. The purpose of religion is described by the following: We are finite. We crave infinity. What can we do? What should we do? What will we do? How we answer those questions constitutes our religion.
Some choose orthodoxy (in Judaism and elsewhere). Some choose polydoxy. The choice is determined by our epistemology. In other words, what we decide truth is will determine our theology.
One of the founders of quantum mechanics (Nils Bohr) was said to have made the observation that the opposite of a shallow truth is false, but the opposite of a deep truth is also true. This leads me to believe that all we have is uncertainty, and that therefore, each of us must follow our own course.
With all of that as background, we can safely say that Judaism has no authoritative position on the issue of life after death. Within the Jewish religious community, embracing all of the movements that I mentioned above, there is a continuum that on one end states that in the world to come, the body will be resurrected and reunited with the soul, and together they will stand in judgment before the Throne of Glory. This applies not only to Jews, but to everyone. A key passage spelling that out is found in the Tractate Sanhedrin, "There is a portion in the world to come for the righteous of all nations." However, there is precious little discussion of the nature of life in the hereafter for Jews or for any other peoples.
On the other end of the continuum, there is a strong stand that states that when you are dead, you are dead, and that is what makes life worth living. That may strike some as odd, but it the strongly held view of Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan, the founder of the Reconstructionist movement, and Rabbi Alfred Gottschalk who was the president of Hebrew Union College, the world's oldest Jewish rabbinic seminary for more than thirty years. There are many respected Jewish philosophers who take various stands between the two extremes. Some say the soul lives on, but not the body. Others believe that we are part of a general world soul. Still others take a more physical science position, that we are part of matter and energy that can not be destroyed. During the medieval period there were even some Jewish writers who stated belief in
reincarnation.
To add to all of this disagreement, we must further note that less than one tenth of one percent of Jewish philosophical writings deal with the issue of afterlife. Judaism stresses life in this world. One of the most significant quotes in this regard is found in the Babylon Talmud, (Avot 1:3) "Be not like servants who serve the master for the sake of a reward". Jewish values deal with living this life, and letting the next life take care of its self.
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Question: How has the Shoah (Holocaust) affected rabbinic Judaism? Has there been any change as a response?
Thank you for your inquiry. You inquired about rabbinic Judaism. Please allow me to me somewhat pedantic at this point. Rabbinic Judaism is defined as the Judaism of the Talmudic period. I think what you mean is "How has the Shoah (Holocaust) affected the thinking of the contemporary rabbinate?"
My response is that by and large, the Shoah has definitely moved the rabbinate into a greater awareness of Judaism as a peoplehood, not merely a religion as many Jews had previously considered it to be. Many of us are strongly concerned that as this generation passes, there are many who will forget the Holocaust, and therefore, we have added emphasis on it in our religious school and adult education curricula. Yom HaShoa is observed in just about every Jewish community in the United States.
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Question: My reform family, in efforts to make sure that our 40 closest relatives can make it to our Passover seder, for the past few years has held the seder on the closest convenient date. This year, the "first night" seder at my house will be on Saturday following the Monday that is everyone else's first night.
Is there anything in Jewish law that says this is a wrong/bad practice?
It is stated explicitly in Pesahim in the Talmud that the Seder is to take pace on the first night. Thus, any response based on Halachah (rabbinic law) will state that position.
Nevertheless, since the essence of Reform Judaism is the ultimate freedom of the individual to make his or her own decisions with regard to the issues of religion, the only limitation being that you cannot limit the freedom of another person, the decision remains yours.
You might be interested in knowing that this has been debated on our closed rabbinic listserve, with the majority of reform opinion being that the Seder should take place in the first night.
My personal opinion is that it is better for the Seder to take place on a different night than not at all.
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